backbone. The existing form of Ca and P in the skeletons of Sailong and tiger was mainly Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2. Conclusion The mineral element contents in the skeletons of Sailong and tiger bone have the comparability. It shows that the contents of essential trace elements in Sailong bone are prior to those in tiger bone, significantly.

Six new oleanane-type saponins, arilloside A-F (Ⅰ～Ⅵ), along with a known saponin, polygalasaponin ⅩⅩⅩⅤ(Ⅶ), were isolated from the root of Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham.. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-(3, 4-di-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranoside(Ⅰ); 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-fucopyranoside(Ⅱ); 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-(3,4-di-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranoside(Ⅲ); 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-[β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→4)]-β-D-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-fucopyranoside(Ⅳ); 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-[β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-(3-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranoside(Ⅴ) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)-[β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-(3,4-di-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranoside(Ⅵ) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Nano-Se with lower toxicity on the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin. Method: For toxicity comparison, mice were orally administered Nano-Se and sodium selenite to observe death, body weight loss and liver injury. As to the protective effect of Nano-Se on the toxicity of cisplatin, mice with and without Nano-Se supplementation were injected cisplatin to observe death and body weight loss. For evaluation of whether Nano-Se influence the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin, Lewis lung carcinoma was transplanted into mice, and the survivor and tumor volume were recorded to compare the effect of Nano-Se supplementation on cisplatin. Results: The toxicity of Nano-Se is significantly lower than sodium selenite. Nano-Se can decrease toxicity of cisplatin without compromising its anti-tumor effect. Conclusion: Nano-Se with lower toxicity can improve the therapeutic effect of cisplatin.

Objective To explore the effects of hypoxia on the growth,mitochondria distribution and function of mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEFs).Methods MEFs were sub-cultured in the hypoxia group containing 5％ oxygen and normal oxygen group containing 20％ oxygen,every 24 hours,living MEFs were counted by using trypan blue staining.Mito-Tracker Green was used to stain mitochondria,then cells were observed by using laser confocal microscope.The ATP kit was used to detect ATP synthesis.Results During the logarithmic phase,the numbers of living cells in the hypoxia group were higher than those in the normal oxygen group,the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).The percentages of perinuclear mitochondrial in the hypoxia group were higher than those in the normal oxygen group,the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Meanwhile,the significant difference was found in the ATP level between the two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion The distribution of mitochondria in MEFs and energy synthesis are influenced by the hypoxic culture condition,which could be better for promoting cell growth compared with normal oxygen culture condition.

Objective To investigate risk factors for early postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).Methods Clinical data of 221 patients undergoing PD in our hospital between September 2005 and January 2009 were collected and reviewed retrospectively,the risk factors in relation to early postoperative complications were analyzed with SPSS 15.0 software.Results The incidence of early postoperative complications was 17.6％.Univariate analysis showed that age ( ≥65 years),preoperative total serum bilirubin level ( ≥ 171 μmol/L),preoperative serum albumin level ( ≤30 g/L),intraoperative blood transfusion ( ≥ 1000 ml),operation time ( ≥5 h) were the relative risk factors,Logistic regression analysis revealed that age (≥ 65 years),preoperative serum albumin level ( ≤30 g/L),intraoperative blood transfusion ( ≥ 1000 ml),operation time ( ≥5 h) were the independent risk factors for early complications.Conclusions The risk of postoperative complications after PD is still high,so the dicision to perform a PD should be strictly balanced against its risk.For older or poor risk patients,preoperative management should be enhanced.The set up of surgical team may help standardize operation procedures control intraoperative bleeding,therefore decrease the incidence of postoperative complications after PD.

Objective To explore the method how PDX1 gene modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human umbilical cord can be differentiated into islet β-like cells in vitro. Methods Recombined adenovirus vectors inserted with PDX1 (Adxsi-CMV-PDX1) was transfected into MSCs and multiple cytokines was combined to induce differentiation. The expressions of PDX1, insulin, ngn3, glut2,NKX6.1 were examined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. The levels of insulin and C peptide secretion were examined by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Flow cytometry was used to determine the positive rate of insulin cells. Results After Adxsi-CMV-PDX1 transfection and cytokines induction, MSCs were transformed from short spindle shape to long spindle shape and aggregated into islet-like cell clusters.Dithizone staining of these cells showed bright red color. PDX1, ngn3, NKX6.1, insulin, glut 2 mRNA were expressed in cells 17d after induction. Insulin and C peptide were expressed in cytoplasm. The levels of insulin and C peptide in cell culture supernatant were (473.1 ± 51.5)mU/L and (1.61 ± 0.41)ng/ml; the levels of insulin and C peptide secretion were (964.4 ± 68.1) mU/L, (3.72 ± 1.52) ng/mL, respectively, with 25 mmol/L glucose stimulation for one hour. Insulin (+) cells rate (11.6 ± 4.8) %. Conclusions Adxsi-CMV-PDX1 combined with cytokines can induce MSCs from human umbilical cord to differentiate into islet β-like cells.They can secret insulin and C peptide, and have the sensitivity to the stimulation of glucose.

Objective:With selenomethionine as reference,we investigated the bioavailability and toxicity of methylselenocysteine. Method:Selenium retention,glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activities were tested to compare bioavailability. Acute toxicity and short-term selenium-tolerance were studied to compare toxicity. Results:Selenomethionine and methylselenocysteine were comparable in ability of increasing selenoenzymes. Selenomethionine caused much higher selenium retention,especially at higher levels and lower toxicity indicated by acute toxicity and short-term selenium-tolerance. Conclusion:Compared with selenomethionine,methylselenocysteine has equal efficacy on selenoenzymes with the characterization of less retention,but higher toxicity.

Objective To study the feature of bone metabolism in different phase of elder type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients.Methods One hundred and fifty elder type 2 DN patients (non-microalbuminuria group,microalbuminuria group,clinic proteinuria group,DN renal inadequacy group and DN uremia group,each group was 30 cases),60 elder non-DN patients in chronic renal failure (CRF) (non-DN renal inadequacy group and non-DN uremia group,each group was 30 cases) ,and 30 elder healthy people (control group) were selected to observe the changes of osteocalcin (OT),β -crosslaps,parathyroid hormone ( iPTH),alkaline phosphatase (AKP),serum calcium (Ca),serum phosphorus (P) and Ca × P.Results In non-microalbuminuria group,microalbuminuria group and clinic proteinuria group,OT and β -crosslaps levels were lower than those in control group,and the lowest in microalbuminunia group (P＜0.01).In DN renal inadequacy group and DN uremia group,OT and β -crosslaps levels were higher than those in control group(P＜0.01).In the phase of CRF,OT,β -crosslaps and iPTH had no statistic difference between DN patients and non-DN patients,but had linear correlation.Serum P level was higher in DN renal inadequacy group and DN uremia group than that in control group(P＜0.01).Either DN or non-DN,serum P had more influence to Ca × P than serum Ca.Conclusions In the different phase of elder type 2 DNpatients,the effect of bone metabolism is different because of the different injury of renal function.Bone metabolism in the different phase has respective feature and mechanism,with low turnover in the first and high turnover in the end.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1 α) in pancreatic cancer.Methods The real-time RT-PCR technique,western blot method and immunohistochemical method were used to examine the expressions of TLR9 and HIF-1α in 30 samples of pancreatic cancer,para-cancerous tissues,and 10 samples of normal pancreatic tissues.The relationship between TLR9 and HIF-1 α was determined,and the correlations between their expressions and clinicopathological parameters were measured,and the impact on survival was detected.Results The levels of TLR9 mRNA and HIF-1 α mRNA expression in human pancreatic cancer tissues was 2.32(1.41～3.22) and 2.26 (1.62～ 2.89) folds as many as that in normal tissues.The levels of TLR9 mRNA and HIF-1α mRNA expression in para-cancerous tissues were 1.23 (1.18 ～ 1.28) and 1.36 (1.17 ～1.55) folds as many as that in normal tissues.The expressions in human pancreatic cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in para-cancerous tissues (t =2.642,P =0.023 ; t =4.076,P =0.001).The positive rates of TLR9 and HIF 1α protein were 73.3％ (22/30) and 70.0％ (21/30),and the corresponding values were 33.3％ (10/30) and 36.7％ (11/30) in para-cancerous tissues,while the corresponding values were 20％ (2/10) and 10％ (1/10) in normal tissues,which showed a decreasing trend (x2 =13.99,P =0.001 ;x2 =13.15,P =0.001).The expressions of TLR9 mRNA in human pancreatic cancer tissues was positively associated with HIF 1 α mRNA (r =0.537,P =0.003).The expressions of TLR9 protein was also positively associated with HIF 1α protein (r =0.511,P =0.001).The expressions of TLR9 and HIF 1α were positively correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation,TNM staging and lymph node metastasis,but were negatively correlated with the survival.Conclusions TLR9 and HIF-1α are over-expressed in pancreatic cancer and they are associated with malignant biological behavior and poor prognosis.

Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety as well as the effect of chronic intravenous iron supplementation on the improvement of anemia in the patients with maintain hemodialysis (MHD). Methods Fifty-six patients with MHD were involved in the six-month, controlled trail and randomly divided into two groups: intravenous iron group (IV group) and oral iron group (oral group). The patients of IV group (n=28) were intravenously pumped 100 mg iron dextran during each hemodialysis session for the total amount of 1000 mg,after that,100 mg iron dextrin each two weeks. Patients in the oral group took 525 mg ferrous sulfate a day during the first three months and received iron dextran on the above methods under stopping oral iron supplement during the second three months. The efficacy was assessed by determining the change of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), serum ferritin (SF) and transferring saturation (TSAT). Results The levels of Hb, Hct, SF, TSAT were increasing in the IV group after trail and there were evidently difference in those markers in the first three months, compared to the oral group, P