This paper described the progress in therapeutics of drug dependence by opioids, involved in usages of opiate receptor agitations, non-opiate receptor agitations, non-drug treatment, and immunosuppressive therapy.

AIM: To explore the effects of Compound Yi-Zhi (YZC) on learning and memory capacity and free radical metabolism in D-galactose induced mice dementia model. METHODS: The mice dementia model was induced by a daily D-galactose 0.15 g?kg -1 sc for 45 d and after 5 d D-galactose injection, the mice were treated with three doses of YZC once a day for 40 d. In order to find out the influence of YZC on the models learning and memory capability and free radical metabolism system, Y-maze test was introduced for the former and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) tests for the latter. RESULTS: Compared with the D-galactose model group, three doses of YZC administration ( 0.108, 0.217, 0.433 g?kg -1) were all shown to significantly reduced the times of learning/memory in Y-maze test from 31.35? 8.97/ 17.12? 5.57 to 19.67? 8.07/ 11.27? 6.65, to 14.00? 6.84/ 8.29? 5.95, and to 11.41? 5.99/ 6.24? 4.97, respectively. For SOD, the administrations of 0.108 and 0.433 g?kg -1 YZC could increase the activity of SOD from 17.69? 3.14 to 26.94? 4.46, and to 21.33? 3.63 nU?mg -1 pro. While for MDA, all the three doses of YZC could decrease the level of MDA from 4.08? 0.88 to 2.82? 0.75, to 2.10? 0.42, and to 2.35? 0.39 nmol?mg -1 pro in the mice brain tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: YZC can improve the D-galactose induced learning and memory dysfunction, and the action may be related to the improvement of antioxidase activity in the model mice brains.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and therapeutic efficacy of using the Henry approach to expose and place a metaphyseal bone plate laterally to fixate a proximal radial shaft fracture.Methods:A retrospective analysis was done of the 5 proximal radial shaft fractures (defined as the fracture involving the extent between the radial tuberosity to the insertion of the pronator teres) which had been treated from April 2018 to June 2019 at Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital through the Henry approach to place a metaphyseal plate laterally to the radius for fixation. There were 2 males and 3 females, aged from 16 to 59 years (average, 41.4 years), with 3 cases on the left side and 2 cases on the right side. The imaging data, fracture healing time, forearm pronation-supination, and visual analogue scale (VAS) of the patients were regularly followed up; the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated at the last follow-up using Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH), Anderson and Grace-Eversmann evaluations.Results:The 5 patients were followed up for 7 to 16 months (average, 10.6 months). Their fracture healing time averaged 4.6 months, elbow flexion 146°, extension -2°, pronation 77°, and supination 88°. In postoperative VAS, 4 cases scored a 0 point and one case 1 point. At the last follow-up, their Quick-DASH scores averaged 4.1 points; by the Anderson evaluation, 5 cases were excellent; by the Grace-Eversmann evaluation, 4 cases were excellent and one case was good. No postoperative complication was observed.Conclusion:It is an effective treatment of proximal radial shaft fracture to use the Henry approach to expose and place a 3.5mm metaphyseal plate laterally to the radius for fixation.

Objective To investigate the current perioperative management of geriatric hip fractures in China.Methods The survey was performed between 15th to 21st of November,2017.An electric questionnaire was delivered to the orthopedic surgeons attending the 12th International Congress of Chinese Orthopedic Association (COA) and the orthopedic fellows attending grand round at Department of Orthopaedic Trauma,Beijing Jishuitan Hospital.The questionnaire addressed the current perioperative management of geriatric hip fractures (≥ 65 years) at the departments where the participants worked,covering preoperative examination and preparation,postoperative rehabilitation and multidisciplinary collaboration.Results 171 valid questionnaires were collected for this study.Of the 171 orthopedic surgeons from 28 provinces in China,106 (62.0％) came from a tertiary hospital and 65 (38.0％) from a secondary hospital.In 74.3％ (127/171) of the hospitals,more than 100 geriatric hip fractures were treated annually.63.2％ (108/171) of the hospitals treated 100 to 500 cases annually,5.9％ (10/171) 500 to 1,000 cases and 5.3％ (9/171) more than 1,000 cases.Multidisciplinary collaboration was not established in most hospitals (71.9％,123/171) for geriatric hip fractures.Pulmonary function test (61.4％,105/171),Holter (38.0％,65/171) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (53.8％,92/171) were indicated as routine preoperative investigations.In 56.3 ％ (96 / 171) of the hospitals,traction was performed before operation.In 80.1％ (137 / 171) of the hospitals,the interval between admission to surgery was more than 48h for the patients.In 36.3％ (62/171)of the hospitals,patients were allowed to ambulate within one week after surgery.In 4.1％ (7/171) of the hospitals,patients were allowed full weight-bearing within one week after surgery.Conclusion Significant gaps exist in perioperative management of geriatric hip fractures between current practice in China and worldwide guidelines and consensus.

Objective:To explore the short-term efficacy of fixation with a 3D printed individualized custom-made plate in the treatment of elderly patients with periprosthetic femoral fracture.Methods:Retrospectively analyzed were the 5 elderly patients with periprosthetic femoral fracture who had been treated by fixation with a 3D printed individualized custom-made plate from January 2022 to July 2022 at Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital. There were 3 males and 2 females, aged 81, 86, 77, 91 and 87 years, respectively. One left and 4 right limbs were affected. Vancouver classification: type B1 ( n=3), type B2 ( n=1), and type C ( n=1). The time from operation to injury was 5, 6, 10, 5 and 7 days, respectively. Preoperatively, the femur affected, prosthesis and individualized plate with a greater trochanteric hook, loop cable channel and bone-like trabecular microporous structure were custom-made by 3D printing according to 1:1 models. Virtual operations were simulated to formulate surgical protocols. The operation time, length of surgical incision, intraoperative blood loss and transfusion, hospital stay, hip function and complications at the last follow-up were recorded. Results:The 5 patients were followed up for 12, 7, 10, 3 and 6 months, respectively. There were no events of superficial incision or deep prosthesis infection. Respectively, the operation time was 1.8, 1.7, 2.3, 2.0 and 3.3 h; the length of surgical incision 31, 30, 38, 27 and 30 cm; the intraoperative bleeding volume 400, 300, 300, 500 and 600 mL; the length of hospital stay 8, 9, 15, 14 and 11 d. Four patients received intraoperative blood transfusion of 300, 900, 150 and 1, 050 mL, respectively. One patient died of a heart attack 3 months after discharge; another patient developed dyskinesia at the contralateral limb 3 months after discharge due to cerebral infarction and died of recurrent cerebral infarction 7 months after discharge. At the last follow-up, the Harris hip scores of 3 patients were 86, 77 and 69 points, respectively. None of the patients had complications like breakage or loosening of implants.Conclusion:In the treatment of elderly patients with periprosthetic femoral fracture, fixation with a 3D printed individualized custom-made plate may lead to fine limb function and good short-term curative efficacy.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of perioperative fasting abbreviation in traumatic patients with orthopaedic trauma and diabetes mellitus undergoing selective surgery.Methods:The patients were selected for this prospective nonrandomized controlled study who had undergone selective surgery from June 2019 to June 2021 at Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital. They were divided into an intervention group and a control group according to the wards where they stayed. The intervention group was fasted for solids from 0 o'clock on the surgery day and received oral solution with 6.25% maltodextrin which had been prepared by the nutritional department 3 hours prior to surgery. The control group was fasted for either liquids or solids from the midnight before surgery. All patients were evaluated according to the wake-up score and defensive reflex score after surgery. Once they were awakened, they were allowed slag-free drinks. Normal food was allowed if there was no discomfort after 2 hours. The 2 groups were compared in terms of basic information, actual preoperative fasting time, total amount of preoperative drinking, and postoperative time for initial drinking and eating. The perioperative subjective feelings (anxiety, thirst, hunger, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, sweating, stomach discomfort, etc.), grip strength and blood glucose were observed and compared between the 2 groups. Adverse reactions in the 2 groups were also observed.Results:A total of 135 patients were included, including 52 in the intervention group and 83 in the control group. The intervention group consisted of 22 males and 30 females aged from 30 to 84 years; the control group consisted of 39 males and 44 females aged from 29 to 81 years. There was no significant difference in the basic information between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). The intervention group had significantly shorter preoperative fasting time [3.5 (2.5, 6.3) h versus 12.0 (9.0, 16.0) h], significantly higher water intake before surgery [300 (200, 300) mL versus 100 (100, 200) mL], significantly shorter postoperative fasting time [0.08 (0, 1.25) h versus 2.00(0, 6.00) h], and significantly reduced time to return to normal diet [2.0 (2.0, 2.3) h versus 3.0(2.0, 6.0) h] than the control group (all P<0.05). The symptoms of anxiety, fatigue, sweating, and stomach discomfort in the intervention group were significantly fewer than those in the control group throughout the evaluation period. The thirst in the intervention group was significantly alleviated than that in the control group immediately after returning to the ward after surgery, and the dizziness and hunger were significantly alleviated than those in the control group when the patients left the ward to the operation room before surgery and immediately after returning to the ward. The symptom of nausea after returning to normal diet in the intervention group was significantly relieved compared with the control group. All the comparisons above showed statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). The blood glucose in the intervention group 2 hours after taking slag-free drinks was significantly higher than that in the control group ( Z=-2.108, P=0.035). There was no significant difference in the blood glucose between the 2 groups during other measurement periods ( P>0.05). There were no serious adverse reactions in either of the 2 groups. Conclusion:The protocol of perioperative fasting abbreviation may be safe and feasible for the patients with orthopaedic trauma and diabetes mellitus undergoing selective surgery, because it shows benefits of improving the patients' subjective feelings and stabilizing the blood glucose perioperatively.

Objective To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of SULT2B1 in the de-velopment of atherosclerosis(AS).Methods Twelve 8-week-old apolipoprotein E-knockout(apoE-/-)male mice were subjected and fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks,and then randomly divided into adeno-associated virus(AAV)-GFP and AAV-shSULT2B1 groups,with 6 animals in each group.In 4 weeks after AAV injection via tail vein,the mice were sacrificed for assessing aortic and aortic root plaque formation by oil red O staining and detecting serum levels of inflam-matory factors and blood lipids.RAW264.7 cells were transfected with adenovirus(Ad)-GFP and Ad-SULT2B1,respectively(n=3).RNA sequencing was performed to detect downstream RNA changes.Then LncRNA gga3-204 was selected for downstream study.After RAW264.7 cells were divided into si-NC group,si-SULT2B1 group,si-Lncgga3-204 group and si-SULT2B1+si-Lncg-ga3-204 group(n=3),and the IL-1β and IL-6 levels were detected in these transfected cells.Results There was no statistically difference in body weight in the mice from the AAV-GFP and AAV-shSULT2B1 groups after high-fat feeding(P＞0.05).Significantly lower serum levels of TC,TG and LDL-C,reduced aortic plaque area[(8.38±1.33)％vs(11.83±1.04)％,P=0.000],and decreased TG content within the aortic root plaque[(12.29±1.54)％vs(17.67±1.53)％,P=0.000]were observed in the AAV-shSULT2B1 group than those in the AAV-GFP group.Ser-um IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the mice of the AAV-shSULT2B1 group than those in the AAV-GFP group(P＜0.01).The AAV-shSULT2B1 group also had obviously lower serum levels of I L-1 βand IL-6 than the AAV-GFP group(P＜0.01).In the RAW264.7 cells from the si-SULT2B1 group,the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were notably lower than those in the si-NC group(P＜0.01).LncRNA gga3-204 expression was significantly higher in the Ad-shSULT2B1 group than the Ad-GFP group(P＜0.01).While,the si-SULT2B1 group had statistically higher Lncgga3-204 level than the si-NC group(2.32±0.60 vs 1.19±0.21,P=0.036).The si-Lncgga3-204 group had significantly higher IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels than the si-NC group(P＜0.01).The si-SULT2B1+si-Lncgga3-204 group had significantly higher IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels than the si-SULT2B1 group(P＜0.05).Conclusion SULT2B1 affects the macrophage inflammatory response via Lncgga3-204,and then affects the progression of AS.

In recent years, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has risen year by year, leading to a high mortality rate. At present, surgical treatment is the major cure for HCC, and in general, HCC is diagnosed at late stages. Due to the heterogeneity of HCC and different sensitivities to drugs, the treatment efficacy of advanced HCC is poor. In this paper, we retrospectively analyzed the prog-ress of HCC treatments and reviewed important progression, which provides new view for the clinical improvement of the total surviv-al of patients with HCC.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical applicability of CT angiography (CTA) for locating the perforator vessels of anterolateral thigh flap(ALTF) and the effects of individualized ALTF designed by CTA for the reconstruction of the soft tissue defects of tongue after the resection of tongue carcinoma.Methods:21 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma underwent CTA for locating the perforator vessels of ALTFs and for the design of individualized ALTFs before operation.The patients underwent soft tissue defect reconstruction with individualized ALTFs after tumor removal.Results:All the operations came off as preoperative designed,the intraoperative findings of the blood vessel alignment were consistent with the preoperative CTA results.The size of flaps was 6.0 cm × 5.0 cm-11.0 cm× 8.5 cm.20 ALTFs survived,2 ALTFs appeared vascular crisis,1 remained survival and the other was necrotic after surgical exploration.During 6 ～ 60 momhs of follow-up,the survival condition of flaps and the wound healing condition were both satisfactory.1 patient died because of distant metastasis 18 months after operation.20 patients reminded free of carcinoma and satisfied with the reconstructive effects of chewing,swallowing and linguistic function.Conclusion:CTA can accurately locate perforator vessels for the design of individualized AFLT.AFLT designed by CTA is an ideal choice for the reconstruction of postoperative soft tissue defects after resection tongue carcinoma.

Objective:To investigate the expression and significance of human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) protein in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in patients with gallbladder stones.Methods:The gallbladder tissues of 60 patients with gallbladder diseases who underwent cholecystectomy from January 2018 to December 2020 in the Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital were collected, including 36 males and 24 females, aged (46.0±14.0) years. They were divided into two groups according to whether there were gallstones: gallstone group and control group (patients with gallbladder polyps and gallbladder adenomyosis), with 30 cases in each group. Color ultrasound was used to detect and calculate the gallbladder contraction rate. The neck, body and bottom tissues of the gallbladder were excised and sectioned. The expression of HERG protein and CD117 ( marker of ICC) was detected by immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results:The gallbladder contraction rate in the gallstone group was (65.8±4.1)%, lower than that in the control group (73.8±5.3)%, with a statistically significant difference ( t=4.14, P<0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed that HERG protein was mainly distributed in the mucosal layer of gallbladder tissue, which was pale brown. The relative expression of HERG protein at the bottom of gallbladder in the gallstone group was (0.293±0.102), lower than that in the control group (0.694±0.059), with a statistically significant difference ( t=3.38, P=0.027). Immunofluorescence staining showed that HERG protein was mainly distributed in ICC of gallbladder epithelium. HERG protein expression in ICC at the bottom of gallbladder in gallstone group was lower than that in control group, while HERG protein expression at the neck and body of gallbladder had no significant difference. Conclusion:There are ICC and HERG protein in gallbladder tissue of patients with gallstone. The decrease of gallbladder contraction rate may be related to the decrease of HERG protein expression in ICC in gallbladder bottom tissue.