In the flowers of Sambicus nigra, flavonoids, amino acids and sugars were determined. Among them the main components were flavonoids, which accounted for 7,19±0,10%. From total flavonoid extracts, ,2 compounds were isolated by column chromatography and identified by UV,MS,and NMR spectroscope as quercetin-3-α rhamnopyranosyl- β -glucopyranose and quercetin
Chemistry ; Flowers ; Flavonoids ; Amino Acids ; Carbohydrates

In 2004, 185 specimens of patients with acute respiratory illnesses that were tested negative to influenza viruses were isolated to determine enteroviruses. The results showed that 10.8% were positive with enteroviruses. These isolated enteroviruses consist of 13 Coxsackievirus B, 1 Echovirus, 1 Poliosabin type 1, and 5 untyped Enteroviruses. The result also showed that 8.1% of isolated viruses were Adenoviruses
Respiratory Tract Infections ; Orthomyxoviridae

Study on the effect hypoglycemosis of extract from Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L) R. Bolli flowers on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. A single daily dose of extract (equivalent to 0.4g flower/kg daily) were administered for 5 days or 10 days to the diabetic mice immediately following Streptozotocin injection. As a result, extract from Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L) R. Bolli flowers inhibited glucose concentration in diabetic mice at the investigated dose. It is indicated that the flowers of Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L) R. Bolli may be an effective agent for treatment of diabetes
Hypoglycemia ; Medicine, Traditional ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Background: Salpingostomy for ectopic pregnancy in patients who has aspirations to having a baby is a necessity. Objective: To discover the factors affecting the outcome of salpingostomy. Subjects and method: 400 patients with none or one baby treated by salpingectomy or salpingostomy for ectopic pregnancy in National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology from July 2006 to June 2007 were studied. The data was analyzed with T test and logistic regression. Results: 92 of 400 patients (23%) were treated by salpingostomy. The risk of salpingectomy for patients with size of pregnancy mass >2 cm (measured by ultrasound) was 2.48 times higher than that of mass <=2 cm (95% CI: 1.50-4.12). All of cases with positive fetal heart beat were treated by salpingectomy. The danger of salpingectomy for patients with preoperative level of bhCG >3000 UI/L increased by 6.65 fold in comparison with that of bhCG <=3000 UI/L (95% CI: 2.99-15.27). The risk of salpingostomy for patients with the size of pregnancy mass >3 cm is 7.43 times as much as that of mass <=3 cm (95% CI: 3.89-14.39). Conclusion: The chance of salpingostomy for patients having the size of pregnancy mass <=3 cm and bhCG <=3000 UI/L was 24.1%.
Ectopic pregnancy ; salpingostomy

Introduction: Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. Methods: We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009–2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. Pyrosequencing was used to detect mutations: H275Y [for A(H1N1) and A(H5N1)], E119V [for A(H3N2)] and I117V [for A(H5N1)]. A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) values for all influenza A and B isolates. Results: There were 341 influenza A positive samples identified; influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified most frequently (n = 215). In 2009, oseltamivir resistance was observed in 100% (19 of 19) of seasonal A(H1N1) isolates and 1.4% (3/215) of A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates. This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. Discussion: In Viet Nam, seasonal and A(H5N1) influenza vaccines are not currently available; thus, effective treatment is required. The presence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses is therefore a concern. Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued.

Objective:Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) is endemic in poultry in Viet Nam. The country has experienced the third highest number of human infections with influenza A(H5N1) in the world. A study in Hanoi in 2001, before the epizootic that was identified in 2003, found influenza A(H5N1) specific antibodies in 4% of poultry market workers (PMWs). We conducted a seroprevalence survey to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to influenza A(H5N1) among PMWs in Hanoi, Thaibinh and Thanhhoa provinces.Methods:We selected PMWs from five markets, interviewed them and collected blood samples. These were then tested using a horse haemagglutination inhibition assay and a microneutralization assay with all three clades of influenza A(H5N1) viruses that have circulated in Viet Nam since 2004.Results:The overall seroprevalence was 6.1% (95% confidence interval: 4.6–8.3). The highest proportion (7.2%) was found in PMWs in Hanoi, and the majority of seropositive subjects (70.3%) were slaughterers or sellers of poultry.Discussion:The continued circulation and evolution of influenza A(H5N1) requires comprehensive surveillance of both human and animal sites throughout the country with follow-up studies on PMWs to estimate the risk of avian–human transmission of influenza A(H5N1) in Viet Nam.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is commonly encountered in clinical practice, has become increasingly prevalent in Asia in recent years. Definitive diagnosis of GERD requires upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ambulatory pH monitoring and is therefore challenging. Endoscopic lesions are usually not incorporated into the diagnostic criteria, and pH monitoring is expensive, complicated, and uncomfortable for patients. Studies have investigated novel methods for diagnosis of GERD. Mucosal integrity, evaluated by mucosal admittance or impedance, is impaired in GERD owing to microscopic epithelial changes. Measurement of mucosal integrity is simple and can be performed endoscopically. Mucosal impedance has been investigated as a method to differentiate between GERD, non-GERD, and eosinophilic esophagitis, and mucosal admittance provides evidence to support diagnosis of GERD. Further research on these novel techniques is warranted to incorporate these into the diagnostic modalities used for GERD.