The inhibitory environment and loss of axonal connections after spinal cord injury pose many obstacles to regenerating the lost tissue.Cellular therapy provides a means of restoring the cells lost to the injury and could potentially promote functional recovery after such injuries.This review presents a summary of the various types of cellular therapy used to treat spinal cord injury.A wide range of cell types have been investigated for such uses and the advantages and disadvantages of each cell type are discussed along with the research studying each cell type.Based on the current research,suggestions are given for future investigation of cellular therapies for spinal cord regeneration.

Insulins maintain blood glucose homeostasis in the body by stimulating glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissues through glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4)translocation. Recent studies have showed that Rab proteins,as a key regulatory factor for the translocation of GLUT4 to the cell membrane,participate in the formation,translocation and fusion of GLUT4 vesicles. This paper describes several types Rab proteins and the Rab GTPase activating protein,protein kinase B substrate of 160 kU(AS160)in terms of regulatory mechanisms for GLUT4 translocation. Studies on the translocation mechanism by which GLUT4 is regulated by Rabs aim to explain the mechanism of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes,and provide a new approach to diabetes.

Objective To observe expression changes of the telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) in mouse cortical neurons during aging and its biological significance.Methods TRF2 expression in cortical neurons of young (2 months) and old (20 months) C57BL/6J mice were tested by Western blot and real time PCR.pcDNA-TRF2 was transfected in embryonal cortical neurons.Neurons viability was determined by MTT after exposure to camptothecin for 16 h.Results TRF2 expression decreased significantly in cortical neurons in old mice than that in young mice.After exposure to camptothecin for 16 h,(75.4±2.6) ％ of pcDNA TRF2 transfected neurons were viable and the transfection rate was higher in pcDNA-TRF2 transfected neurons than in control transfected neurons [(32.6 ± 9.3) ％] (t =22.85,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions TRF2 expression decreases significantly in aging mouse,downregulation of TRF2 may participate in neurons aging,and TRF2 overexpression may be a potential therapeutic target against neurodegeneration.

Objective To observe the effect of drug edible of herbal medicine granule on vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods A total of 200 cases featuring with cardiovascular blood stasis were chosen from patients who were diagnosed with CHD in Zhengzhou hospital of traditional Chinese medicine from January 2015 to January 2016.All cases were divided into observation group(n=98)and control group(n=102).The observation group was given Xin bao drug edible of herbal medicine granule and conventional drugs,and the control group was given conventional drugs.After 8 weeks of observation,the levels of endothelin(ET-1),nitric oxide(NO)and angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein(LDL),and TCM clinical symptom score were compared between the two groups.Results The level of TC of the control group was decreased after treatment(P<0.05);the levels of TC,TG and LDL in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of NO,ET-1,Ang-Ⅱ and FMD in the observation group were significantly different from those before treatment(P<0.05).The levels of NO and FMD in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,and the levels of ET-1 and Ang-Ⅱ were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the scores of TCM clinical symptoms in the observation group were lower than those before treatment(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the total score of palpitations,the times of shortness of breath and clinical symptoms were lower than those in the observation group(P<0.05).Conclusion Xin bao drug edible of herbal medicine granule could relieve coronary heart disease blood stasis type of patients with vascular tension,reduce its endothelial cell damage and improve its clinical symptoms.

OBJECTIVE:To study the lifespan effect of ethyl acetate extract from Polygonum multiflora(EPM)on caenorhab-ditis elegans,and to investigate its anti-aging effect. METHODS:EPM low-concentration,medium-concentration and high- concen-tration groups(25,37.5,50 mg/L,calculated by crude drug)and blank group(0 mg/L)were established to investigate the effects of EPM on the lifespan of caenorhabditis elegans. EPM group(37.5 mg/L)and blank group(0 mg/L)were established to perform re-productive test,acute heat stress test and acute oxidative stress test of caenorhabditis elegans. The effects of EPM on reproductive capacity and pressure stress of caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. RESULTS:The lifespan test,average lifespan of cae-norhabditis elegans in EPM low-concentration,medium-concentration and high-concentration groups were prolonged significantly, compared to blank group(P<0.05 or P<0.01),especially in EPM medium-concentration group. In reproductive test,the number of offspring of caenorhabditis elegans in EPM group on the second and third day were increased significantly,compared to blank group (P<0.05). In acute heat stress test and acute oxidative stress test,average survival time of caenorhabditis elegans in EPM group was prolonged significantly(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:37.5 mg/L EPM can retard the aging process of caenorhabditis ele-gans and doesn’t damage the reproductive capacity.

Objective To analyze the views and perceptions of practicing physicians on the practicing environment in the province,in order to provide policy reference for improvement.Methods By means of equi-probability and multi-stage sampling, 3 570 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed from site survey which consist of the subj ective evaluation,and measures to identify and prevent medical professional risk.Results Overall assessment of the practice environment of physicians in Shanxi province is low,as those holding the environment asniceandacceptableaccounting for 4.8% and 21.7%,only 47.0% of physicians in tertiary hospitals hold the environment as very bad,while only 6.1% of those in level-1 hospitals share this view.92.4% of the physicians surveyed hold compliance of laws and regulations and technical specifications as key to prevention of medical dispute,yet most of them do not expect the media to be obj ective,fair and accurate in their coverage of events.Conclusions It is recommended to strengthen communication with the media for obj ective coverage of the limits of medicine,and explore the mechanism to take care of medical disputes by physicians,and improve their medical risk control capabilities,for a better practicing environment.

Objective To investigate the function of serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the formation of cerebral edema after acute cerebral infarction through dynamic changes of serum IL-6 and MRI indicators.Methods One hundred and twenty-eight patients with cerebral edema after acute cerebral infarction and 30 healthy were selected as our subjects.The serum IL-6 were measured in at 1,5 and 14 d after acute cerebral infarction.MRI scans were performed in the corresponding time,and then processed synthesis of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) graph.Cerebral infarction volume,signal intensity ratio (SIR) of each sequence and relative apparent diffusion coefficient(rADC) were measured and calculated.Results The serum IL-6 in patients with acute cerebral infarction at 1 d after cerebral infarction was significantly higher than that in normal control group and reached the peak level at 5th D after cerebral infarction,significantly decreased at 14th d.The serum IL-6 of each time point were significantly higher than that of normal control group(P =0.000).There were liner positive correlation between the serum IL-6 and the volume of cerebral infarction and SIR of T2 weighted image and fluid attenuation inversion recovery (r =0.750,0.621,0.691 ; P =0.000).The serum of IL-6 and SIR of T1 weighted image was showed negative correlation (r =-0.404,P =0.000).The serum of IL-6 and SIR of diffusion-weighted imaging sequence at 1,5 d after cerebral infarction showed a positive correlation (r =0.678,P =0.000).There was liner negative correlation between the serum IL-6 and rADC at 1 d after cerebral infarction (r =-0.826,P =0.000).Conclusion The rise of serum IL-6 may promote the formation and development of ischemic cerebral edema.

Objective To evaluate the effect of different preparation processes on preparation of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)loaded microspheres and observe the biological activity of GDNF.Methods With polylactide-co-glycolide(PLGA)as the coating material,the GDNF-loaded microspheres were prepared by using double emulsion(W1/O/W2).Two-factor factorial design variance analysis was done to analyze the effects of the composition proportion of lactic acid(LA)and glycolic acid(GA)in PLGA and the stirring speed of multiple emulsion on particle size,entrapment efficiency,burst release and in vitro release characteristics of the GDNF-loaded microspheres.PC-12 bioassay was employed to detect the biological activity of the released GDNF so as to determine the optimal preparation process.Results The composition proportion of PLGA could affect the microspheres'burst release(P ＜ 0.05),with no effect on particle size and entrapment efficiency.with the higher.With higher proportion of GA,the release speed of GDNF in the microspheres was increased.When the stirring speed of multiple emulsion was increased from 1 000 r/min to 3 000 r/min,the particle size of the microspheres was decrease significantly(P ＜ 0.01),the burst release was increased markedly(P ＜ 0.01)and the in vitro release rate was accelerated.The activity of GDNF in the microspheres could last for about 20 days at 37℃,which was 10 days longer than that of single GDNF.Conclusions Double emulsioncan prepare the GDNF-loaded microspheres with high entrapment efficiency and suitable in vitro release time.In the meantime,the microspheres can extend the validity of GDNF.

Objective To study adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)differentiation into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells by induction with supernatant liquid from cerebral infarction tissue in rats.Methods The ADSCs were obtained from retroperitoneal adipose tissue of rats and identified by flow cytometry technology.The normal brain tissues and the infarcted cerebral tissue obtained from rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion were used to induce ADSCs differentiation,and no intervention group was as a control.The mRNA expression level of von willebrand factor (vWF),α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) in cells after induction were detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.Immunofluorescence were used to identify the expression of endothelial cells markers and smooth muscle cell markers,and positive expression cell was detected by fluorescence microscope.Results On the ADSCs surfaces,the high expressed-positive antigens included CD90 (96.7％),CD29 (84.4％),CD44 (98.9％),and the low expressed negative antigens included CD45 (6.5％),CD34 (7.4％) and CD31 (3.6％).Compared with no intervention group and normal brain tissue of supernatant liquid group,the cerebral infarction tissue of supernatant liquid-induced group showed the increased mRNA expression level of vWF,α-SMA and SM-MHC(F=5.962,6.756,6.144,P=0.001,0.004,0.003),and showed that the immunofluorescence indicated-cell expression level of vWF,α-SMA and SM-MHC was much more increased (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Under the induction by supernatant liquid of cerebral infarction tissue,ADSCs highly expresses the markers of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.This suggests that the cerebral infarction tissue of supernatant liquid-induced ADSCs have a tendency to differentiate into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.