0.05);group C is the lowest-cost treatment options and the most economical one.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the median effective concentration(EC50)of ropivacaine caudal motor block. METHODS: The EC50 of ropivacaine caudal epidural block was determined with sequential experimental method. RESULTS:The EC50 of ropivacaine caudal block was 0.22%(95%CI ranged from 0.216% to 0.235%). CONCLUSION:Canales sacralis injected with 0.20%～ 0.22% ropivacaine is suitable for bladder endoscopic examination in out-patient.

Objective To prepare the chitosan nanoparticles loading 5-[125Ⅰ] Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125Ⅰ-UdR-CS-DLN) at 100-200 nm in diameter, and analyze the characteristic of drug sustained-releasing and tumor targeting. Methods Orthogonal experimental design and One-way analysis were applied to optimize the preparation of 125Ⅰ-UdR-CS-DLN using tripolyphosphate cross-linking. Dynamic dialysis was utilized to investigate the in vitro releasing characteristics of the nanoparticles. The tumor targeting effect of the nanoparticles was observed with laser confocal microscopy. Results The optimal conditions for preparing the nanoparticles at particle diameters (70. 39 ± 5.12 ) nm (PDI 0. 16 ± 0. 012 ) were 1 g/L of CS, 2 g/L of TPP, stirring rate 600 r/min, relative molecular mass of CS 3 × 103. The TEM results showed that the exterior of the nanoparticles was spheroid, with a uniform and fine dispersivity. The optimized condition with the initial 125Ⅰ-UdR concentration of 2. 96 MBq/ml at pH5 provided the highest loading capacity (1253. 55 MBq/g) and the highest entrapment rate (42. 35% ). The in vitro releasing curves of 125Ⅰ-UdR-CS-DLN followed Higuchi equation, shown a characteristic of long-acting preparation.Laser confocal microscopy observations approved that the tumor cells uptake of FITC-CS-nanoparticles were significantly more than that of normal cells. Conclusions Chitosan nanoparticles loading 125Ⅰ-UdR at diameters range 127. 81 ± 15. 25 nm (PDI 0. 240 ± 0. 035 ) were successfully prepared with the optimized conditions, and showed a characteristic of sustained-releasing and tumor targeting. The chitosan-based nanotechnology provided a new and efficient approach for the application of 125Ⅰ-UdR in intracellular radiotherapy for tumor.

Objective To elucidate the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with mercury poisoning-associated glomerulonephropathy. Methods Seven patients with mercury poisoning-associated glomerulonephropathy were enrolled in this study. The pattern of mercury exposure, feature of mercury toxicity, and clinicopathological presentation of the kidneys were investigated. Results They were all female, averaged (28.9 ±8.1) years old. Skin-whitening cream was the only cause of mercury poisoning. Proteinuria occurred 5 to 8 months after exposure. Serum mercury were 27.0 to 98.0 μg/L, and spot urinary mercury were 34.4 to 204.0 μg/L. The presentation of all the patients was mild to moderate edema with proteinuria and decreased serum albumin level. Five patients (5/7) were diagnosed as nephrotic syndrome. Six patients underwent renal biopsy: 3 cases with minimal change disease, 2 cases with membranous nephropathy and 1 case with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. All the patients were administrated chelation therapy with sodium dimercaptopropanal sulfonate or sodium dimercaptosuccinic acid for 3 to 7 courses. They got complete remission by 3 to 5 weeks treatment. Conclusions Patients in this study with glomerulonephropathy induced by mercury poisoning are all from skin-whitening cream exposure. Mild to moderate edema and proteinuria are the common clinical pattern. Minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis are found pathologically. Chelation therapy is effective.

Aged, 80 and over ; Atrial Fibrillation ; complications ; Embolism ; complications ; Female ; Heart Atria ; pathology ; Heart Diseases ; complications ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; etiology ; Thrombosis ; complications

Objective To summarize the clinical features of mercury poisoning diagnosed by blood and urine tests for improving the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.Methods Poisoning causes,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis were retrospectively reviewed in 92 in-patients with mercury poisoning in our hospital from January 2000 to April 2010.Results Of the 92 patients,37 were male and 55 were female with an average age of 33.1(2-65)years old.The mercury poisoning was caused by occupational exposure and non-occupational exposure,such as iatrogenic exposure,life exposure and wrong intake or suicidal intake of mercury-containing substances,mainly through respiratory tract,digestive tract and skin absorption.The most common clinical symptoms were as the followings:nervous system symptom,such as memory loss in 50 eases(54.3%),fatigue in 34(37.0%),numb limb in 25 (27.2%),dizziness and headache in 22(23.9%),cacesthesia in 20(21.7%),fine tremor(finger tip,tongue tip,eyelids)in 15(16.3%),insomnia and more dreams in 12(13.0%);gastrointestinal symptoms:nausea in 16 (17.4%),abdominal pain in 14(15.2%),stomatitis in 5(5.4%);joint and muscle symptoms:muscle pain in 16(17.4%),joint pain in 5(5.4%);cardiovaseular system:chest tightness,hean palpitations in 6(6.5%);urinary system:edema in 9(9.8%);other system:hidrosis in 20(21.7%).After the treatment with sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS),the symptoms were gradually alleviated.Their gastrointestinal,cardiovascular symptoms were alleviated within 2 weeks;neurological symptoms were alleviated within 3 months;kidney damage showed a slower recovery and could be completely'alleviated within 6 months.Conclusions Because of its diverse clinical symptoms,the mercury poisoning was easy to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis:therefore the awareness of the disease should be further enhanced.Leaving from the poisoning environment timely and giving appropriate treatment with DMPS will lead to a satisfactory prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of treatment and mechanism with hyperbaric oxygenation and doxazosin in pa-tients with Ⅲ type prostatitis in plateau .Methods A total of 94 patients with Ⅲ type prostatitis were divided randomizedly into hyperbaric oxygenation group (n=28) ,doxazosin treated group (n=31) and hyperbaric oxygenation and doxazosin combining trea-ted group (n= 35) .And then they were evaluated in 8 weeks treatment respectvely by the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and adverse events .Prostate fluid and semen routine were examed .Results All three groups got the improved CPSI after treatment ,oxygenation-doxazosin combining treated group(82 .9% )was better than that of oxy-genation and doxazosin treated group(73 .7% and 70 .0% )(P<0 .05) .Results of prostate fluid and semen routine examination of combining treated group were significantly improved than before (P<0 .05) .No complications occurred .Conclusion Combination of hyperbaric oxygenation and doxazosin is a safe and effective therapy in the treatment of Ⅲ type prostatitis in plateau .

OBJECTIVE To study the situation of nosocomial infection of maintenance hemodialysis of chronic renal failure patients and discuss the risk factors and preventive measures.METHODS Retrospective analysis of our hospital clinical data in hemodialysis patients with nosocomial infection from Jan 2005 to Dec 2006 was taken.RESULTS There were 44 nosocomial infection cases from 89 cases.The infection rate was 49.43%.Hemodialysis patients were high-risk population of the nosocomial infection.The common infection site was the respiratory tract(52.27%),followed by central venous catheter-related infections(25.00%),urinary tract infections(15.91%) and intestinal infections(6.82%).The primary diseases of diabetic nephropathy,serious anemia,low albumin and elderly were the risk factors(P

Objective To explore brain activity features during the resting state in alcohol dependent individuals,and study the relationship between the brain activity features and alcohol dependent individuals' clinical symptoms.Methods Twenty-four alcohol dependent individuals and 22 healthy control subjects,well matched in gender,age,education and handedness,were enrolled as the alcohol dependent group and control group respectively.AGE 3.0 T MR scanner was used to acquire all the subjects' resting state data. DPARSF software was used to process resting functional MRI data,and then the whole brain fractional amplitudes of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) data were acquired.Two-sample t test statistical analysis was made to access fALFF difference between the two groups. Results In comparison with the control group,the alcohol dependent group showed reduced fALFF in bilateral medial prefrontal gyrus,right inferior occipital gyrus,left precuneus,left inferior temporal gyrus,and left posterior lobe of cerebellum (0.64-1.69 vs.0.87-1.78,t =- 4.23- - 2.79,P ＜ 0.05 ). fALFF was increased in the alcohol dependent group at the anterior cingulate,bilateral inferior frontal gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus,bilateral insular lobe,bilateral dorsal thalamus ( 0.86-1.82 vs. 0.76-1.58,t =3.56-3.96,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Alcohol dependent individuals had abnormal activity at the bilateral prefrontal lobe,anterior cingulate,bilateral dorsal thalamus,bilateral insular lobe,left posterior lobe of cerebellum et al,during the resting state,and these abnormal activities might be related with clinical manifestation and pathophysiology.

Objective To investigate the executive function of the patients with first-episode schizophrenia,and their relationships with the positive and negative symptoms. And to evaluate the activation characteristics of prefrontal cortex(PFC) in the schizophrenia. Methods Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) was used to assess the activation of the bilateral PFCs during the computerized version of Tower of London(TOL) tasks in schizophrenia and controls. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) was used to assess the psychiatric symptoms of the schizophrenia. 40 schizophrenic patients and 40 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects participated in this study. Results ( 1 ) The number of correct TOL responses in patients ( one-move ( 7.35 ± 1. 94 ), two-move ( 7.30 ± 2.53 ), three-move ( 6.58 ± 2.53 ), four-move ( 2.90 ± 1.89 ) ) was significantly less than the healthy controls( one-move (8.82 ± 1.48 ), two-move ( 8.38 ± 1.59 ), three-move ( 7.68 ± 1.47 ), four-move ( 3.73 ±1.71 ); P＜0. 05 ). ( 2 ) There was a significant negative correlation between the patients' task performance and the negative symptom scores(P ＜ 0.05 ). (3) The majority of the prefrontal area was activated in health subjects.Patients were characterized by significant decreased activation in the left PFC during the TOL task compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion Schizophrenic patients have executive function disorder at the initial stage of the disease.The results support that schizophrenia patients have hypofrontality ,and executive function is significantly negatively correlated with negative symptoms. NIRS my be a useful tool for research and clinical assessment for major psychoses.