Currently, the model of the research evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is set up through imitating that of western medicine. The application of quantitative research to TCM does promote the advance of modernization of TCM, which explore the part of TCM that can be measured in quantitative method. However, TCM has a background of profound philosophy and culture. The priority of TCM can not be expressed through quantitative research alone. On the contrary, qualitative research is more suitable to most research area of TCM. In TCM clinical research, the priority of TCM should be fully explored. It is very significant to set up the effectiveness evaluation system of TCM, especially by applying qualitative research to the diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment results and combining quantitative research.

The preparation method, serum stability, efficiency of cellular uptake and apoptosis induction of the cell penetrating peptide TAT and cleavable PEG co-modified liposomes loaded with paclitaxel (C-TAT-Lipo) were investigated. The best preparation procedure was performed by orthogonal test based on single factor screening method. First, the paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded liposomes were prepared by filming-rehydration method, evaluated with entrapment efficiency and polydispersity index. The morphology of C-TAT-Lipo was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Turbidity variations were monitored in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) to evaluate the serum stability of the liposomes developed here. Next, the efficiency of cellular uptake of different Rho-PE-labeled liposomes on B16F1 cells in vitro was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry. The quantitative analysis of apoptosis induced by different PTX-loaded liposomes was performed by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The optimal formulation was as follows: Chol : lipid: 1 : 8 (molar ratio); drug : lipid: 1 : 40 (mass ratio); lipid concentration: 3 mmol x L(-1); temperature of hydration: 25 degrees C. The mean size and polydispersity index of C-TAT-Lipo were about (97.97 +/- 3.68) nm and 0.196 +/- 0.037, the zeta potential was (-0.89 +/- 0.45) mV, the entrapment efficiency of paclitaxel was (90.16 +/- 1.53)%. The particle sizes did not exhibit significant variations in 50% FBS over 24 h at 37 degrees C. The efficiency of cellular uptake of the C-TAT-Lipo increased 1.40 fold following the cleavage of PEG. Apoptosis analysis showed 59.3% increase of the apoptosis and necrosis profile of C-TAT-Lipo after the detachment of PEG shells, which was markedly higher than that of N-TAT-LP with or without glutathione and SL, respectively. The results indicate that the C-TAT-Lipo is successfully prepared by filming-rehydration method and shows significant antitumor activities.

This article made an in-depth analysis of the pharmaceutical system of Australia in terms of its drug regulatory authorities,drug management policies and drug benefit plans.A summary of the Australian experiences hold that health system of the Australian government boasts a smooth and clear compensation mechanism,and flexible and a drag pricing approach ensuring interests of all parties.Its decision-making emphasizes technical support and covers specific groups of people with special policies,meeting patients' drug needs to the maximum.All these practices are worthy of learning for China.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and lung-resistance protein (LRP). Methods:A549 cells were treated with various concentrations of CDDP for 72 h. The LRP mRNA expression was then analyzed using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). LRP, JNK, and P-JNK were analyzed by Western blotting. The A549 cells were then pretreated with SP600125 (2 μg/ml to 4 μg/ml ) for 1 h. Afterward, CDDP (16 μg/ml) was added into the culture for 72 h. A Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to investigate the sensitivity of CDDP to the A549 cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate. The LRP mRNA expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. LRP, JNK, and P-JNK were analyzed by Western blotting. Results:CDDP in-duced the mRNA and protein expression of both LRP and P-JNK in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with SP600125 enhanced the sensitivity of CDDP to the A549 cells and increased the apoptosis rate. However, the LRP mRNA and LRP expression in the pre-treated cells was lower than that in the presence of CDDP alone. Conclusion:In A549 cells, CDDP induces the LRP expression via the JNK pathway. This result suggests that lung cancer therapy can be improved by the addition of CDDP to inhibit the JNK signaling path-way.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Chinese herbal medicine immunomodulator on T lymphocyte immune function in peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa of immature rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods Three-weeks Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. (n= 12, in each): normal control group, sham operation group, obstructive jaundice (OJ) group, OJ + Chinese herbal medicine immunomodulator (OJ+ZY) group. Except for the normal control group, the others' bile duct stones were ligatured to establish rat models with obstructive jaundice. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ tlymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa of immature rats was detected by flow cytometry. Results The percentage of CD4+ cell [(36.2 ±4.2)%, (28.8±1.8)% respectively] and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ [(1.14±0.39), (1.37±0.34)respectively] in OJ group were lower than those in normal control group [peripheral blood: CD4+(41.5±5.3)%,CD4+/CD8+(1.37±0.19); intestinal mucosa: CD4+(32.3± 2.4)%, CD4+/CD8+ (1.84+0.28) and sham operation group (peripheral blood: CD4+ (41.2±5.5)%, CD4+/CD8+ (1.45±0.27); intestinal mucosa: CD4+(31.5 ± 2.7)%, CD4+/CD8+ (1.63±0.58)] . The difference was statistical significant(P<0.05). The percentage of CD4+ cell [(42.7±6.3)%, (33.6±2.4)% respectively] and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ [(1.56±0.46), (1.84±0.56)respectively] in OJ+ZY group, were higher than those in OJ group(P<0.05). The difference was statistical significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Chinese herbal medicine immunomodulator can increase T lymphocyte immune function in immature rats with obstructive jaundice, but has no significance in normal control group as well as sham operation group.

The preparation method, serum stability, efficiency of cellular uptake and apoptosis induction of the cell penetrating peptide TAT and cleavable PEG co-modified liposomes loaded with paclitaxel (C-TAT-Lipo) were investigated. The best preparation procedure was performed by orthogonal test based on single factor screening method. First, the paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded liposomes were prepared by filming-rehydration method, evaluated with entrapment efficiency and polydispersity index. The morphology of C-TAT-Lipo was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Turbidity variations were monitored in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) to evaluate the serum stability of the liposomes developed here. Next, the efficiency of cellular uptake of different Rho-PE-labeled liposomes on B16F1 cells in vitro was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry. The quantitative analysis of apoptosis induced by different PTX-loaded liposomes was performed by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The optimal formulation was as follows: Chol : lipid: 1 : 8 (molar ratio); drug : lipid: 1 : 40 (mass ratio); lipid concentration: 3 mmol x L(-1); temperature of hydration: 25 degrees C. The mean size and polydispersity index of C-TAT-Lipo were about (97.97 +/- 3.68) nm and 0.196 +/- 0.037, the zeta potential was (-0.89 +/- 0.45) mV, the entrapment efficiency of paclitaxel was (90.16 +/- 1.53)%. The particle sizes did not exhibit significant variations in 50% FBS over 24 h at 37 degrees C. The efficiency of cellular uptake of the C-TAT-Lipo increased 1.40 fold following the cleavage of PEG. Apoptosis analysis showed 59.3% increase of the apoptosis and necrosis profile of C-TAT-Lipo after the detachment of PEG shells, which was markedly higher than that of N-TAT-LP with or without glutathione and SL, respectively. The results indicate that the C-TAT-Lipo is successfully prepared by filming-rehydration method and shows significant antitumor activities.
Animals ; Annexin A5 ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell-Penetrating Peptides ; pharmacology ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; analogs & derivatives ; Liposomes ; chemistry ; Melanoma, Experimental ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Paclitaxel ; pharmacology ; Particle Size ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry

To screen and identify the mimotopes for lipopolysaccharide(LPS) epitope, a rand om phage displayed dodecapeptide library was screened with a monoclonal antibody 2B4 spe ci fically against LPS conservative epitope. The positive clones were identified by phage ELISA and competitive inhibition assay by either S.typhi T 8-61 LPS or E.coli O111:B4 LPS. After three rounds of biopanning,the clones binding with 2B4 antibody were well enriched with positive rate of 80%. The bindings between 12 of positive phage clones and screening antibody were competitively inhibited by the two kinds of LPS,indicating that the positive clones have similar epitope with LPS. The positive peptide sequences were deduced from the corresponding DNA sequences. There were identical sequences among them. The seq uences were GPPQWFFSQPQL （5/12，41.7%），LPQYFWNTATTA （3/12，25%），FPQNHWNVP WAT（2/12，16.6%），HSQSFWNAPLAM and AHPWTHGYFPPL （1/12，8.3%） respectively . The results demonstrate that the peptides screened with 2B4 antibody are mimot opes for LPS conservative epitope.

Objective:To analyze the occurrence information and clinical manifestations of adverse reactions caused by quinolones antimicrobial drugs in Beijing Hospital and to provide the basis for clinical use.Method:In a retrospective study,128 cases of adverse reactions caused by quinolones antimicrobial drugs from 2003 to 2007 in Beijing Hospital were statistically analyzed in respect of drug categories,genders,ages,routes of administration,organs or systems, clinical manifestations,etc.Result:The drugs causing adverse drug reactions included seven categories.Levofloxacin showed the highest propotion,and intravenous drip was the main route of administration,and damages of skin were the most common manifestation.Conclusion:Adverse reactions monitoring of anti-infective agents should be strengthened to ensure the rational and safe patient medication.

Objective To establish a RP-HPLC method to determine the content of geniposide in Xiaoyan Tuire Patch. Method The column of Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 mm?250 mm 5 ?m) was used. The mobile phase was composed of water-acetonitrile-phosphoric acid (86∶14∶0.01). The flow rate was 1 mL/min, with UV detection at 238 nm, and the temperature was 30 ℃. Results The linear range was 0.07～0.70 ?g (r =0.99997). The average recovery was 98.60% and the RSD was 1.96%. Conclusion The method is simple, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the determination of Xiaoyan Tuire Patch.

Objective To establish a RP-HPLC method to determine the content of ephedrine?HCl in Xiaoyan Zhike Plaster. Method The sample was prepared according to 2005 edition of Chinese Pharmacopocia, the column of Inertsil-3 ODS (4.6 mm?250 mm, 5 ?m) was used. The mobile phase was composed of methanol-0.1% of phosphoric acid (5∶95). The flow rate was 1 mL/min, with UV detection at 207 nm. Results The linear range was 0.041～0.41 ?g (r=0.999 8). The lowest limit of detection was 0.025 6 ?g. The average recovery and the precision was 99.55% and 2.58%. Conclusion The method is simple, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the quality control of Xiaoyan Zhike Plaster.