Traditionally,antigen presenting cells were shown to express MHC Ⅱ antigens.However,some researchers have demonstrated that a subset of T lymphocytes could express MHCⅡ antigens in some situation.Its regulatory mechanism and biological effects remains challenging to researchers.This review provides an overview of the results of these MHC Ⅱ + T lymphocytes regarding to the generation,mechanisms,and the role in immune tolerance induction,aim to provide some insights in clinical immune tolerance induction.

AIM:To clon human cytochrome P450 2A6 cDNA. METHODS:Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and DNA recombinant technique, a full-length cDNA encoding cytochrome P450 2A6( CYP2A6 ) from human liver was cloned into pBluescript vector. The cDNA segment was identified by DNA sequencing.RESULTS: Comparing with the CYP2A6 sequence, the cloned CYP2A6 cDNA had two different bases, codon 8 CTG(Leu)→TTG(Leu), codon 479 GGC(Gly)→GTC(Val) and was quite different in their 3′end noncoding region. Comparing with CYP2A7 seqence reported by Fernandez-Salguero,the cloned CYP2A6 cDNA had some different in 5′ end coding sequence and several differencey in the 3′ end coding and noncoding sequence, but both codon 479 were GTC(Val).Comparing with the CYP2A7 seqence reported by Yamano,the cloned CYP2A6 cDNA had some difference in the coding sequence but the 3′ end no-coding area was the same. CONCLUSION: The cloned cDNA was a new cDNA of CYP2A6 which may be transcripted from a new allele of CYP2A6.

Melasma is a common cutaneous disorder of pigment metabolism with complex etiology and pathogenesis.Combination therapy has been preferred by dermatologists for better therapeutic effects and less adverse reactions compared with monotherapy.At present,the treatment of melasma is diversiform,mainly including oral or topical drugs,lasers or photon therapy and combination therapy,etc.Individualized treatment is recommended based on etiology,clinical course and types of melasma,as well as previous treatment history.Combination therapy,sequential therapy or supplement therapy should be included in the treatment of melasma.

Objective To investigate the correlation of the initial arterial lactate (Lac) and 6-h lactate clearance rate (LCR) with prognosis in patients with acute paraquat poisoning (APP).Methods The included 132 APP patients (70 males and 62 females,age ranging 15-71,30 (18) [M (IQR)]treated at a single center between January 2009 and December 2013.Patients were divided into two groups:group A,survivors ＞ 28 days after admission (n =64); and group B,those died ≤ 28 days after admission (n =68).The prognostic values of arterial Lac and 6-h LCR during the acute stage of poisoning were evaluated.Results Paraquat dose ranged from 5-200 mL,20 mL (37.25 mL) [M (IQR)].The average time from poisoning to arrival at the emergency department was ranging 4-312 h,6 h (8.75h) [M (IQR)].Total mortality was 51.51％.There were no differences in age,gender,and length of time elapsed from poisoning to diagnosis between two groups.Survivors had a significantly lower dose of paraquat ingested compared with nonsurvivors (P ＜ 0.05).An ROC curve analysis determined that the dose had an area of 0.86 (95％ CI:0.80-0.92) and the volume cut-off point was 27.5 mL to predict the prognosis in patients with acute paraquat poisoning (75％ sensitivity,85.9％ specificity,Youden index 0.609).The initial arterial lactate level was higher in nonsurvivors than that in survivors.The ROC curve analysis indicated that the initial arterial lactate level had an area of 0.99 (95％ CI:0.99-1.00) and the concentration cut-off point was 5.050 mmoL/L to predicti prognosis in patients with acute paraquat poisoning (sensitivity 98.5％,specificity 100％,Youden index 0.985).The 6 h LCR was lower in nonsurvivors than that in survivors.ROC curve analysis showed that the 6-h LCR had an area of 0.99 (95 ％ CI:0.97-1.00) and the concentration cut-off point was 17.28％ to predict prognosis in APP patients (sensitivity 100％,specificity 97.1％,Youden index 0.971).Conclusions In the early stages of APP,initial arterial Lac and 6-h LCR are closely related to prognosis and may serve as prognostic factors.

Objective: To investigate the effect of comprehensive feeding intervention on feeding quality and weight gain of premature infants. Methods: Eighty-one premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of our hospital from September 2016 to December 2018 were selected and randomly divided into the intervention group (n=41) and the control group (n=40). Infants in the control group received routine nursing and infants in the intervention group were given comprehensive feeding intervention on the basis of routine nursing includingimproved Y type gastric tube, gravity tube feeding in prone position, oral movement intervention, colostrum oral immunotherapy and kangaroo nursing. The changes of feeding process were compared between the two groups and the occurrence of feeding intolerance in the two groups was observed. Results: The duration of tube feeding and hospital stay were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in birth weight and body weight at discharge between the two groups (P>0.05), but the average daily weight growth rate [g/(kg·d) ] after 1 week and the milk volume [ml/(kg·d)] at 1 week were higher in the intervention group than in the control group(P<0.05). The incidence of gastric retention, abdominal distension and vomiting in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group, but only the difference in the incidence of gastric retention (24.4% vs 47.5%) was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of feeding intolerance was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (24.39% vs 47.50%, P<0.05). Conclusion Comprehensive nursing intervention can shorten the tube feeding time of premature infants, promote the weight growth of premature infants, improve the feeding quality, reduce the incidence of feeding intolerance, and reduce the hospital stay of premature infants, so as to reduce the hospitalization cost, improve the quality of life of premature infants, and increase the satisfaction of parents.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and surgical therapy of multiple primary colorectal carcinoma. Methods From 1998 to 2007, 47 patients with synchronous multiple primary colorectal carcinoma and 20 cases with metachronous carcinoma were treated in our hospital. Results In these 67 cases of multiple primary colorectal carcinoma, synchronous carcinoma (SC) accounted for 70% (47 cases) including 37 rectal cancer with a total of 95 larger bowel cancer lesions. There were 6 cases with Dukes A stage, 22 cases with Dukes B stage, 15 cases with Dukes C stage and 4 cases with Dukes D stage. In this whole group there were 20 cases with lymph node metastasis, 21 cases with adenoma and multiple polyps in SC. Three cases received total coloectomy, 10 cases did subtotal coloectomy, 34 cases were treated by radical resection and intestine segment resection. In 20 metachronous carcinoma cases, there were 31 colon cancer(70%) with a total of 44 intestinal cancer lesions. Altogether, there were 17 cases with two tumors, 2 cases with three tumors, one case with four tumors. The duration between the first and the last carcinoma was from 7 months to 19 years, including less than two years in 7 cases, from two to five years in 5 cases, and more than five years in 8 cases. In all 20 MC cases the first (primary) carcinoma received radical resection, while radical resection was performed for the secondary carcinoma in 14 cases and for the third carcinoma in 2 cases. In the SC and the primary carcinoma of MC patients who received radical resection, the 5-year survival rates were 74% and 78% respectively. Conclusion In cases of colonic carcinoma we shouldn't be satisfied with the diagnosis of single colon tumor before a thorough screening of the whole colon was made. In radical resection surgery for SC or MC cases an attempt to preserve enough residual intestinal tract should be made in order to improve the life quality of post-operative patients.

Objective To observe the effects of melatonin (MT) on the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),phosphorylated adenine dinucleotide quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2),so as to explore the mechanism of MT's action in the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.Methods A total of 72 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group,an injury group and a melatonin group,each of 24.T11-T12 acute SCI was induced in the injury and melatonin groups using the modified Allen's method.Ten minutes after the injury,equal amounts of absolute ethyl alcohol and melatonin were intraperitoneally injected into the rats in the injury and melatonin groups.For the control group,the vertebral plate was cut to expose the T11-T12 spinal cord without any injury of the nerves.Six rats from each group were randomly selected for sacrifice at 6,12 and 24 hours after the operation,and T11-T12 spinal cord specimens were collected.The spinal cord injury and inflammatory response were observed using haematoxylin eosin staining.The expression of HO-1,NQO-1 and Nrf2 was examined using immunofluorescence,while the expression of HO-1,NQO-1 and Nrf2 protein and mRNA were detected using RT-PCRs.Results The neuronal cells in the spinal cords of the control rats were of normal shape,without edema,necrosis or obvious hemorrhagic foci.Hemorrhagic foci,significantly more inflammatory cells and some spinal cord neurons with edema and necrosis were observed in the injury group.However,significantly fewer hemorrhagic spots and cells with edema were found in the melatonin group compared with the injury group.The average expression of HO-1,NQO-1 and Nrf2 protein and mRNA was significantly higher in the melatonin group than in the other two groups.The levels in the injury group were also significantly higher than in the control group 12 and 24 hours after the experiments.Immunofluorescence showed that the greatest number of cells with HO-1,NQO-1 and Nrf2 was found in the melatonin group,followed by the injury group and then the control group,with significant differences among all 3 groups.Conclusion Melatonin can promote the expression of HO-1,NQO-1 and Nrf2 in rats with acute spinal cord injury,which might be related with its activating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of estrogenic-like effects ofWujia-Shenghua capsule and effective medication site.MethodsThrough D-101 macroporous resin column methods,Wujia-Shenghua capsule with 60% ethanol extraction was separated for water elution part, 20% ethanol elution part, 40% ethanol elution part, 60% ethanol elution part. Then each elution part was respectively mixed into concentration of 10mg/ml,1mg/ml, 0.1mg/ml, 0.01 mg/ml and acted on the MCF-7 cell to have, MTT test and rate of PR calculation.Results Compared with the blank control group(100%), when the concentration was 0.1 mg/ml, water elution part, 20% ethanol elution part and 60% ethanol elution part(98.10%, 101.06%, 106.04%)had no effect on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, there was not statistically significant(P>0.05), while the 40% ethanol elution part(108.22%)can promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells,there was a statistically significant(P<0.05). When the concentration was 1 mg/ml, 20%, 40% and 60% ethanol elution part(111.72%, 122.48%, 115.35%)can distinctly promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, there was a significant difference between four groups(P<0.01).ConclusionThe 40% ethanol elution part ofWujia-shenghua capsule has the strongest estrogen activity on plant.

AIM: To investigate the correlation between renal transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1) expression and cellular apoptosis, and effect of tea polyphenols (TP) on TGF-?1 expression and apoptosis. METHODS: Four group animals in a rat model of CsA-induced chronic nephrotoxicity were respectively treated by vehicle (olive oil, 0.1 mL?kg~(-1)?d~(-1), sc), TP (80 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1), ig), CsA (15 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1), sc) and TP (80 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1), ig) plus CsA (15 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1), sc). At the end of 28th day of treatment, renal creatinine clearance and tissue pathology were analyzed. The TGF-?1 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. TUNEL assay, apoptosis-related enzymatic activity caspase-3 were also detected. RESULTS: Compared to CsA-treated rats, the animals treated with CsA plus TP showed a significant increase in the renal creatinine clearance (0.12?0.03 vs 0.22?0.02,P

Objective To analyze the disease spectrum of abdominal external hernia during medical selection of flying cadets and compare the medical standards between US Air Force and Chinese PLA Air Force in order to improve the system of medical selection.Methods The data about abdominal external hernia among flying cadets during Chinese PLAAF medical selection between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with the medical standards of the USAF flying cadets.Results Twenty-nine candidates were eliminated because of hernia,including 4 cases of hiatal hernia,3 cases of umbilical hernia and 22 cases of inguinal hernia.4.70% of the candidates were eliminated because of hernia disease.Empirical research showed difference in hernia standards between China and the USA.Conclusion Compared with Chinese medical selection standards,the USAF standards give more weight to whether the symptoms of disease impact air safety and efficiency.Our medical selection standards need to be improved by learning from foreign practices.