Objective:To compare the quality differences in benzalkonium chloride samples from domestic and abroad to provide references for the quality standard revision for benzalkonium chloride in Chinese pharmacopoeia. Methods: The ratio of alkyl compo-nents was determined according to the method described in USP 38, and the total content of benzalkonium chloride was determined ac-cording to the method recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) and USP 38, respectively. Results:According to the results of composition ratio of alkyl, the fraction defective of domestic samples and imported samples was 100% and 50%, respectively. The content difference between the values calculated by the methods in the two pharmacopoeias showed that the total content of domestic samples changed from 3. 86% to 4. 15%, and that of imported samples changed from 1. 15% to 3. 90%. Conclusion:There are sig-nificant differences in the quality of benzalkonium chloride between domestic samples and imported samples. It is recommended that the ratio of alkyl components should be supplemented in our pharmacopoeia referring to the method in USP 38 and the total content calcula-tion formula for benzalkonium chloride should be revised to improve the quality standard for benzalkonium chloride.

Objective:To determine the related substances in benzalkonium chloride used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant, and com-pare the quality at home and abroad. Methods:An HPLC method was used with an ODS-HYPERSIL C18 column(250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm). The detection wavelength was 210 nm and 257 nm. The flow rate was 1. 0 ml· min-1 and the column temperature was 30℃. The injection volume was 20 ml. The mobile phase was A ( dissolving 1. 09 g sodium1-hexanesulfonate and 6. 9 g sodium dihydrogen phosphate in water, adjusting pH to 3. 5 with phosphoric acid and diluting to 1 000. 0 ml) and B ( methanol) with gradient elution. Results:The content of benzaldehyde in the samples at home and abroad was low. The content of benzyl alcohol in the samples from a-broad was qualified, which was significantly higher than that in the domestic samples. The content of benzyl chloride in the domestic samples was higher than that in the samples from abroad. Conclusion:The method is simple and fast, which is suitable for comparing the related substances of domastic and imported samples. At the same time, the study provides basis for enterprises to choose benzalko-nium chloride rationally.

Objective To study the effects of using the dropping retention-enema in the clinical practices.Methods Divided 60 cases who need retention-enema into the experimental group and the control group,there were 30 cases in the each group.The traditional retention-enema method was used in the control group,while the dropping retention-enema method was used in the experimental group.Compared the related factors between the two groups.Results All the factors which can indicated the clinical effects in the experimental group were better than those of in the control group,P

Objective: To investigate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ? (PPAR ?) expressions in patients with actively proliferating glomerulonephritis such as type Ⅳ lupus nephritis (LN) and cellular crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Methods: All patients were divided into 4 groups as follows: RPGN (17 cases); LN type Ⅳ (15 cases); mild mesangial proliferative IgA nephropathy (IgAN, 7 cases) and minimal change disease (MCD, 10 cases). Clinical parameters, immunohisto chemistry stain and in situ hybridization of renal biopsy specimens were performed. Results: Clinically, proteinuria and hematouria were increased and Ccr were decreased in LN and RPGN patients, and increased ESR and decreased complement C3 were found in group LN. Active index of renal specimens were significantly higher in LN and RPGN groups than in IgAN and MCD groups. Renal specimens of MCD patients showed no positive PPAR ? staining in all sections; little immunoreactivity was detected in sections of glomerular, tubular and interstitial cells from IgAN patients. Glomerular positive staining of PPAR ? in renal sections in LN and RPGN patients[(3.3?1.8) and (2.8?1.2) cells per section of glomerulus, respectively] were significantly increased compared with that in IgAN patients [(0.7?0.5) cells per section of glomerulus]. Similarly, tubular positive staining of PPAR ? in LN and RPGN patients (27.38? 12.46, 23.36?10.55) were also elevated compared with that in IgAN and MCD patients(6.51?3.49, 1.72?0.31). The relevance assay results showed positive relationship between active index and glomerular or tubular PPAR ? immunohisto chemistry staining cell numbers (0.478, P

Commensal microorganisms that colonize barrier surfaces of all multicellular organisms exist in harmony with their hosts and have an important effect on both immune and non-immune functions of their hosts. Numerous researches have shown that gastrointestinal microbiota being one of the most important commensal microorganisms plays a critical role in the occurrence, development and treatment of cancer. As-signing causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and applying such knowledge to cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or miti-gate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment on quality of life and prediction in patients with chronic total occlusion.Methods87 patients with chronic total occlusion who had underwent PCI to revascularization were studied. 57 cases had successfully revascularized and implanted stenting. 30 cases failed to revascularize. Their activity of living, quality of life and long prediction were observed.ResultsAfter 6～60 months follow-up, the quality of life in patients with successful revascularization was much better than that in patients who failed to revascularize. Mortality between these two groups showed no significant difference. ConclusionSuccesful revascularization by PCI on chronic total occlusion can improve quality of life.

Objective To investigate the angiogenesis effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza in heterotopically grafted frozen-thawed mouse ovaries. Methods The ovaries thawed after cryopreservation were xenografted into the donated kidney capsules of 8- to 12-week adult male mice. The mice were divided into two groups, saline and Salvia miltiorrhiza groups, the mice either in the saline or in Salvia miltiorrhiza groups were administered I.p. Daily either saline(0.5ml) or Salvia miltiorrhiza(0.5g)respectively, from the day prior transplantation. The two groups were sacrificed 1 day,2 days and 7 days after transplantation respectively, the grafts from thawed,1 day,2 days,7 days were removed for follicle counting, immunohistochemical studying and detecting of the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). Results The number of follicles and survival rates in grafts after transplantation of Salvia miltiorrhiza group were more than that of saline group (P<0.05);the expression of VEGF increased after transplantation,peaked on day 7,there was no difference between the two groups (P>0.05);the apoptosis index of Salvia miltiorrhiza group was less than that of saline group (P<0.05), the mRNA expression of VEGF188 and VEGF164 of Salvia miltiorrhiza group was more than that of saline group on 48 hours after transplantation(P<0.05). Conclusion Salvia miltiorrhiza may provide benefits for folliculogensis and decreasing the apoptosis index of follicles. Nevertheless,a increase in the VEGF188 and VEGF164 isoform in the Salvia miltiorrhiza group may suggest the positive effect of exogenous Salvia miltiorrhiza therapy in the early stage of angiogenesis.

Objective To study the gene characteristics of VP1 region of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) strains isolated from clinical specimens of children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD) in Shanghai in 2010.MethodsEighteen EV71 isolates were selected from different periods of year 2010,including strains isolated from fatal cases and non-fatal cases.Complete VP1 gene (891nucleotides) of the eighteen EV71 isolates were amplified and sequenced,and then compared with that of genotype A,B,C reference EV71 strains in GeneBank by homogeneity and phylogenetic tree analyses.ResultsThe nucleotide homogeneities between these 18 Shanghai strains and the representative isolates of genotype A and B were 81.5 ％ -82.6 ％ and 83.4 ％- 84.2 ％,respectively,while the amino acid homogeneities were 94.3 ％- 95.0％ and 96.6％ -97.0％,respectively.The nucleotide and amino acid homogeneities between the 18 Shanghai strains and the representative isolates of genotype C were 87.4％- 99.2％ and 98.7％ -100.0％,respectively.Of note,the nucleotide and amino acid homogeneities between Shanghai strains and Fuyang EV71strains (representative strain of C4 subtype) appeared to be 97.8％- 99.2％ and 99.3％- 100.0％,respectively.The eighteen EV71 Shanghai strains were classified as genotype C,subgenogroup C4 in the phylogenetic tree.There was no remarkable difference in VP1 gene between the strains isolated from fatal cases and non-fatal cases.ConclusionThe EV71 strains isolated from Shanghai belong to subgenogroup C4.

Objective To evaluate the survivability of hand foot mouth disease(HFMD)virus,in tap water for daily use.Methods HFMD viruses were isolated from cases of HFMD in Shanghai and Zhejiang from in 2008.Six isolated strains (five subtype of enterovirus 71 and one coxackie virus)were selected in this study.These viruses were mixed with chloride 1.0 mg/L tap-water and then inoculated into Vero cells.The cytopathic effect (CPE)was checked everyday in order to survey the survivability of each virus strain.The decline of virus survivability was analyzed by scatter diagram.Results These six strains of HMFD virus could survive longer than one month in tap water with initial chloride concentration of 1.0 mg/L and still had celluar infectivity.The survivabilities were varied between viruses isolated from different HFMD cases.Conclusions The survivabilities of enterovirus 71 and coxackie virus stains are quite strong in water.Therefore,the transmission route of water-borne pathogens should be monitored in regions using tap water during HFMD epidemic period.