The transdermal enhancement of ultrasound was discovered 50 years ago.The advantages of low-frequency ultrasound in enhancing the transdermal transport of molecule were discovered in 40 years' study.Because the cavitation is easier to happen in lower frequency ultrasound,the transdermal enhancement of low-frequency ultrasound is higher.The inertial cavitations near the surface of skin play important roles in the transdermal enhancement of low-frequency ultrasound.There are many studies about the effects of the parameters of ultrasound on the transdermal enhancement of low-frequency ultrasound,but there are fewer studies about the effects of other factors.The transdermal enhancement of low-frequency ultrasound has been used for transdermal drug delivery.There are many studies about the transdermal monitoring of glucose and other analytes using low-frequency ultrasound.Many opportunities and challenges lie ahead.

The importance and necessity of undergraduates participating in the training plan of the medical research was clarified.Based on the actual ability of students and the characteristic of experimental teaching plan,we think that combination of experimental teaching of small group with research training is a strategy for enhancing the ability of the medical undergraduates to do research.This proposal will speed up the medical educational goal by the activation of novel idea,the cultivation of innovatory thought and the enhancement of creative ability.

Objective In order to enhance the use-rate and avoid the harmness of AODAN4 electrosurgical generator,the principle and safe usage are introduces.Methods Two working modes and instructions were illustrated.Results AODAN4 electrosurgical generator is an all-purpose surgical equipment,which is especially suited for oral soft tissue.Conclusion AODAN4 electrosurgical unit is well worth using widely in clinic with many obvious advantages.

The obese children are increasing at a surprisingly high annual rate of 9.1 percent in China.Meanwhile children are lack of health consciousness and self-protection,thus obese children are more vulnerable towards obesity.Since parents are responsible for their children's daily lives and behaviors,the health education of obesity should be started with those parents with obese children.This paper calls to carry out health education aimed at parents of obese children through multiple means such as community health services,taking advantage of public media and establishing specific clubs,in order to effectively control the increase of obese children.

Objective To assess the prevalence,development and prognosis of thyroid disorders in adult healthy subjects aged over 60 years.Methods We performed a cross-sectional study in 1999 and a 5-year follow-up study in 2004.A total of 102 men and 147 women aged 60 to 88 years from rural communities in north China were studied.Serum thyrotropin(TSH),thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb)and thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb)were determined by an immunochemiluminometry assay in all participants.Free triiodothyronine(FT_3)and free thyroxine(FT_4)were determined in subjects with abnormal TSH results.Results We dropped the reference range for TSH into 0.28~4.75 mU/L.The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction,positive TPOAb and TgAb was 10.84%,12.85%and 11.65%,respectively.six newly diagnosed patients were found in the follow-up study,3 cases(all women)with hypothyroidism and 3(all men)with hyperthyroidism.Conclusion The high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the elderly indicates screening is necessary.Most elderly patients with subclinical dysfunction can recover spontaneously.The strategy should be focused on whether we monitor these patients.

Objectiye To reveal epidemiology of malignant tumor in Quanzhou area of Fujian province. Methods Medical record of adults who received health check-up between 2006 and 2010 was collected to estimate the incidence of malignant tumor. Chi-square test was used for data analyses.Results Nearly 12 323 individuals received an annual health check-up during 2006 and 2010,177 of whom were found to have malignant tumors. The identification rate of malignant tumors was 2. 87‰ per year, and the most commonly seen cancer included liver cancer ( 42. 93% ), lung cancer ( 20. 90% ), oesophageal cancer (9. 03% ), cervical cancer ( 8.47% ) and gastric cancer (6. 78% ). Those of 60 to 70 years old showed the highest incidence of cancer. Conclusion Annual health check-up may be helpful to identify early-stage malignant tumors.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback therapy (EMGBFT) in treating dysphagia after stroke.Methods Patients diagnosed with dysphagia after stroke were recruited and randomly divided into a control group (n =22),an electrostimulation group (ES,n =25) and an EMGBFT group (n =23).The control group received conventional treatment,while the patients in the other groups additionally received Vitalstim ES or EMGBFT 5 times per week for 3 weeks.Before and after the trial,deglutition function was evaluated through surface electromyography (sEMG) and using a standardized swallowing assessment (SSA).Results After 3 weeks of treatment,the mean sEMG amplitude,deglutition duration and SSA score and improved significantly in comparison to the baseline in all three groups.All were also significantly better in the two treatment groups than in the control group.Importantly,the mean sEMG amplitude,deglutition duration and SSA score were all significantly better in the EMGBFT group than in the ES group.Conclusion EMGBFT can promote better deglutition among patients with dysphagia after stroke more effectively than ES or conventional treatment.

Objective To evaluate the value of the RIFLE criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) for predicting the incidence and prognosis in critically ill patients and to identify the risk factors associated with the outcomes of those patients.Methods All ICU patients admitted over three years and 6-month period were retrospectively studied at Subei People's Hospital.Based on RIFLE criteria,AKI patients were diagnosed and classified into four groups:NAKI (non-AKI),R (risk),I (injury),F (failure)groups.Results (1) AKI occurred in 404 of the 2472 patients (16.3％) during their ICU stay.The mean age of the patients was (61.4 ± 17.4) years.Infectious disease,pulmonary disease,neurological disease and trauma were the major cause of AKI.(2) Mortality in the ICU was much higher in patients with AKI than in patients without AKI (47.3％ vs.23.0％,P ＜ 0.05).The mortality rate was 35.6％ in R group,48.9％ in I group and 60.6％ in F group.(3) The logistic regression suggested that MODS and septic shock were the independent risk factors of AKI,but continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are the independent protective factor of AKI.Conclusions In these ICU patients,AKI is associated with increased hospital mortality.The RIFLE classification is a simple and useful diagnosis tool to detect and stratify the severity of AKI and aid in predicting outcome of patients.

OBJECTIVETo survey the current situation of hypertension among "three minority ethnic groups" in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

METHODSHypertension epidemiological survey among Three Minority Ethnic Groups and Han nationality aged ≥ 18 years was performed from June to December 2010.

RESULTSThe prevalence rate of hypertension among the surveyed population was 29. 4% (630/2 146) ( standardized prevalence was 34.6%). The prevalence rate of hypertension in male was 33. 8% (359/1 062) ( standardized prevalence was 39.9%), and the prevalence rate in female was 25.0% (271/1 084) (standardized prevalence was 26.6%) and the prevalence rate in male was higher than in female (P < 0.01). The prevalence rate of hypertension for the Oroqen nationality, Ewenki nationality and Daur nationality was 33.8% (92/272), 32.4% (170/524), and 30.2% (174/576) respectively (standardized prevalence was 33.7%, 33.1%, and 31.3%), and which was significantly higher than in the Han nationality (25.1% (194/774), P < 0.01) (standardized prevalence was 25.8%). The awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension in the Oroqen nationality residents was 64.1% (59/92), 56.5% (52/92), 27.2% (25/92) (standardized rate was 63.5%, 56.8% and 27.4%), and 60.0% (102/170), 53.5% (91/170), 24.1% (41/170) ( standardized rate was 62.9%, 56.7%, 26.6%) in the Ewenki nationality residents, and 59.2% (103/174), 54.0% (94/174), 20.7% (36/174) (standardized rate was 50.3%, 54.7%, 21.4%) in the Daur nationality residents, and 65.0% (126/194), 57.7% (112/194), 27.3% (53/194) (standardized rate was 63.3%, 56.5%, 27.1%) in the Han nationality residents. Awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate were similar among different nationalities (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence rate of hypertension among " three minority ethnic groups" residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is high and comprehensive prevention and therapy strategies are warranted to reduce the hypertension burden in these residents.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial-resistant profile of aminoglycosides-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Wenzhou.METHODS Between Jan 2006 and Sep 2007,non-replicate clinical isolates of K.pneumoniae were consecutively collected from inpatients in a teaching hospital in Wenzhou,China.Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined by the disc diffusion method recommended by CLSI.Sixty-four gentamicin-resistant isolates were investigated for the presence of ESBLs by the CLSI-recommended confirmatory tests.RESULTS Of the 64 gentamicin-resistant isolates,the resistant rates to ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin cefoxitin,tetracycline,trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,ceftazidime and cefotaxime were 7.5%,29.7%,39.1%,85.9%,76.6%,67.2%,and 73.4%,respectively.All isolates were susceptible to imipenem.73.4% of gentamicin-resistant isolates produced ESBLs.CONCLUSIONS Gentamicin-resistant K.pneumoniae is multi-resistant to antibiotics.