Objective To correlate the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and anti-mtDNA antibodies (Abs) with disease activity and clinical features in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.Methods We enrolled 102 SLE patients,rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (n=30) and healthy donors as controls (n=40).NET were generated from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated peripheral neutrophils.mtDNA levels and the transcriptional levels of five interferon inducible genes(IFIGs)(OAS-1,Mx-1,Ly6e,IFIT1 and IFIT4) were measured by quantitative PCR.Interferon scores (IFN scores) were calculated.Anti-mtDNA Abs were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Spearman's correlation analysis,t test andx2 test were used for statistical analysis.Results mtDNA release by netting neutrophils was greatly enhanced in SLE patients (1 088 000 ±1 133 000) compared with healthy controls (465 900±447 200)(t=2.617,P＜0.01) and significantly correlated with IFN scores (r=0.460 6,P＜0.01).NETs mtDNA in moderate active group (728 300±1 003 000) and severe active group (1 093 000±946 500) were significantly higher than the mild active group (159 500±155 100) (t=2.240,P＜0.05,t=3.894,P＜0.01).Forty-one percent of SLE patients were positive for anti-mtDNA Abs(1.28±0.68),while none of the healthy donors (0.70±0.31) (P＜0.01) and RA controls (0.59±0.18)(P＜0.01) displayed a positive serology response to mtDNA.Addition-ally,the titers of anti-mtDNA Abs were also associated with IFN scores (r=0.292 8,P＜0.05).Anti-mtDNA Abs in moderate active group (1.3±-0.6) and severe active group(1.4±0.7)were significantly higher than the mild active group (0.7±0.4) (t=3.154,3.538,all P＜0.01).The levels of anti-mtDNA Abs significantly correlated with classic an-ti-dsDNA Abs titers measured by Farr assay (r=0.542 9,P＜0.001) and were associated with LN (x2=8.644,P＜0.01).Conclusion mtDNA in NET and anti-mtDNA Abs serve as new biomarkers for disease activity and renal involvement in SLE patients.

Objective To investigate the usage of antibacterial drug in the department of operation in our hospital for improving the management and proper clinical utilization.Methods 1366 operational cases from our hospital were randomly collected from June 2004 to June 2005 and a comprehensive analysis of the usage of antibacterial drugs was conducted.Results All of the cases were given antibacterial drugs.The rate of preventive usage was 89.0%,among which those given in the period in 1h before operating was only 30.6%,and the other's was given after operating.The therapy time of antibacterial drugs were ranged from 1 to 63 days in different case and the preventive usage were 1 to 16 days.The therapy time of surpass 3 days was 94.7% and surpass 7 days was 53.5% in preventive usage.Prescriptions of more than one kind drug was widespread very much and 2～3 kinds were 87.5%.The wide-table,new-style and high-efficiency antibacterial drugs were the most frequently used in prescription.Conclusions The use of the antibacterial drugs in operational case in our hospital has some problem,especially in scope,opportunity moment,therapy time and union of usage.The management and education about rational usage of antibacterial drugs must be strengthened in order to improve the level of rationality in the clinical application.

Objective To assess the predictive value of Berden classification in ANCA associated glomerulonephritis.Methods Patients with confirmed ANCA associated glomerulonephritis were included,by retrieving the medical database in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to May 2015.Their detailed information during hospitalization and follow-up was recorded.The patients were divided into four categories based on Berden classification.The differences in clinical characters,renal function and response for treatment were compared.Results Among the 88 patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis,19 (21.6％),21 (23.9％),32 (36.4％)and 16 (18.2％) patients were classified as focal,mixed,crescentic and sclerotic category.22 patients developed ESRD,and 19 patients died during follow up (1 patient developed ESRD before died).The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline was 68.04,25.45,30.04,15.16 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 (P ＜ 0.05) in focal,crescentic,mixed and sclerotic category,respectively.During follow-up period,focal category always had the best renal function,while sclerotic category had the worst renal function.Crescentic category and mixed category were similar and in the middle.Remission rate at 6m was 62.5％,73.7％,57.5％,30.8％(P ＞ 0.05).And crescentic category had the greatest improvement in eGFR at 6m.Conclusions Focal category had relatively preserved renal function and favorable renal outcome,while the sclerotic category had the worst renal outcome.Crescentic and mixed category had an intermediate outcome.We support the use of the Berden classification in predicting the renal prognosis of patients with ANCA associated glomerulonephritis.

Objective:To determine the characteristics of hospitalized newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with high disease activity, and identify the risk factors.Methods:Data from 194 newly diagnosed SLE patients at Shanghai Renji Hospital between May 2013 and December 2018 were collected retrospectively. All patients were followed up for 1 year or until death. Patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics on admission and medication history were retrospectively collected as baseline data. Patients were divided into two groups, lupus patients with infection (51 cases) and lupus patients without infection (143 cases). The method of univariate analysis of data depended on the data distribution type. Variables that suggested association in the univariate analysis ( P<0.05) were entered into Cox regression model. Results:Among 194 patients with newly diagnosed SLE, 21 cases (11%) died and 51 cases (26%) were infected during 1-year follow-up. Regarding the infection site, 34 cases (67%) had lung infection, 9 cases (18%) had central nervous system infection and 9 cases (18%) had blood stream infection. Common bacteria were identified in 19 cases (45%), followed by fungal infection in 18 cases (43%) and mycobacterium infection in 7 cases (17%). Among the 51 patients with infection, 38 patients (75%) had infection within the first 3 months after diagnosis, and mortality in this group was significantly higher than that in the uninfected group (39%, 15/38 vs 2%, 3/143 , P<0.01). Comparing baseline parameters between patients with 3-month infection and without, significant differences ( P<0.05) were detected in age (≥40 years), systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score (>10 points), Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinic (SLICC)/American College of Rheumatology(ACR) systemic lupus erythematosus damage index (SDI) (≥1 point), pericardial effusion, nephritis, gastrointestinal vasculitis, diabetes, lymphocyte count <0.8×10 9/L platelet count <100×10 9/L, serum creatinine >104 mmol/L and serum globulin level <20 g/L. Finally, clinically meaningful candidate predictors were included in the Cox regression model and it showed that lymphocyte count <0.8×10 9/L, nephritis and gastrointestinal vasculitis were independently predictive for 3-month infection in new-onset lupus patients. Conclusion:Understanding disease spectrums and risk factors of infection in newly diagnosed SLE patients will help clinicians to manage those patients with infection effectively to achieve favorable prognosis.

Objective To assess the efficacy of low-dose etoposide in patients with adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) refractory to conventional treatment.Methods This was a retrospective study of etoposid treatment in 24 patients with conventional treatment-refractory AOSD.Mann-Whitney U-test,Student's t test and chi-squared test were used for analysis.Results The age of the patients was (38±13) years.The median duration of AOSD before etoposide initiation was 2.5 months [interquartile range (IQR)] 1 month to 14 years).The median dosageof etoposide was 575 mg (IQR 150-1 400 mg).The median treatment course was 4 weeks (IQR 2 weeks to 10 months).Etoposide treatment resulted in rapid and maintained improvement in both clinical and laboratory parameters.The median dosage of methylprednisolone was also reduced.The most common side effectwas infection,and other side effects were mild leukopenia or neutropenia,gastrointestinal effects and hair loss.Two patients died and 22 patients survived.With an average follow-up of 14 months (IQR 1-32 months),4 of which were treated with corticosteroid alone,and 18 patients were treated with corticosteroid plus immunosuppressive agents.The patient's condition was stable without disease flare.Conclusion Etopo-side treatment is associated with rapid and maintained clinical and laboratory improvement in patients with refractory AOSD.Infection is the most common side effect.It is necessary to carry out large samples and longterm follow-up clinical studies to evaluate its exact effect and safety.

Objective:To evaluate the association between the efficacy and safety of metformin and the influence of variants in SLC47A1 rs2289669 G>A polymorphism in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods:A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Patients were consented at enrollment for blood donation for genotyping, and their peripheral blood were used to detect the distribution frequency of SLC47A1 mutations. The major or mild/moderate flares defined by modified safety lupus erythematosus national assessment (SELENA)-systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) Flare Index (SFI) and adverse events were recorded at 12 months of follow-up. The correlation between efficacy/safety and genotype was analyzed. Student's t test and χ2 test was used to assess the continuous variables and categorical variables. Results:Between May 24, 2016, and Dec 13, 2017, a total of 31 patients in the metformin group and 35 in the placebo group were detected. There were no statistical significant differences in the clinical manifestations, SELENA-SLEDAI scores, and therapy of the participants at baseline. There was no significant difference in the frequency of AA genotype, GA genotype, and GG genotype of SLC47A1 rs2289669 distribution between the metformin group and the placebo group. In the metformin group, patients who flared had a lower frequency of A alleles than those non-flared [25%(4/16) vs 61%(28/46), χ2=6.116, P=0.019 8]; the flare rate was significantly lower in patients with AA genotype than in GG genotype [0%(0/8) vs 57%(4/7), χ2=6.234, P=0.012 5]. The infection rate was lower in the metformin group than that in the placebo group [38%(12/31) vs 69%(24/35), χ2=5.913, P=0.015 0], but there was no significant difference among different genotypes in the metformin group. Compared to GG geno-type, AA genotype showed a trend of decrease in infection rate[38%(3/8) vs 72%(5/7), χ2=1.727, P=0.188 8]. Conclusion:Metformin has a favorable safety profile and may reduce the frequency of flares in SLE patients with low-grade lupus disease activity. The metformin therapeutic efficacy in SLE is relevant to the SLC47A1 gene polymorphism. Patients of the AA genotype may benefit most from metformin than those of the GG and GA genotypes.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of patients with a combination of Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis with renal involvement.Methods By searching the Peking Union Medical College Hospital medical database and literature between January 1990 and June 2017,patients had a combination of SS and ANCA associated vasculitis with renal involvement were included.Data of clinical information,autoimmune antibodies,renal manifestations and renal pathology were retrieved and analyzed.Results Eighteen patients were enrolled:4 from our hospital and 14 from literature.SS was diagnosed no later than ANCA associated vasculitis in all the patients,among which 83.3％(15/18) of patients had extra-glandular and extra-renal organs involved.All the patients were tested positive for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA,and only two were protein 3 (PR3)-ANCA positive concurrently.The positivity rates of antinuclear antibody (ANA),rheumatoid factor (RF),anti-SSA antibody,and anti-SSB antibody were 83.3％(15/18),55.6％(10/18),77.8％(14/18),and 38.9％(7/18),respectively.The renal manifestations were characterized by renal insufficiency with a median serum creatinine of 174 μmol/L,hematuria,moderate proteinuria with a median 24 hour urine protein of 1.70 g,and necrotizing vasculitis with oligo-immune complex and varying degrees of interstitial damage in pathology.Conclusions A combination of Sjogren's syndrome and ANCA associated vasculitis with renal involvement is rare in clinical setting,and almost all of the patients are MPO-ANCA positive,with high probability of ANA positivity and extra-glandular involvement.Physicians should beware of ANCA associated glomerulonephritis in SS patients with inexplicable renal dysfunction and renal biopsy should be carried out in time.

【Objective】 To investigate the effect of two different blood transfusion strategies in non-shock stage of sever burn patients, so as to provide reference for clinical rational use of blood. 【Methods】 74 cases of severe burn patients in our hospital from July 2019 to December 2020 were randomly divided into restrictive transfusion group and liberal transfusion group. The differences of blood transfusion volume, red blood cell (RBC) count before and after blood transfusion, Hb value, incidence of transfusion adverse reactions, postoperative infection rate, length of hospital stay, and 30 day mortality between the two groups were retrospectively analyzed. 【Results】 1) The blood transfusion volume of the restricted blood transfusion group [(9.58±7.43)U] was statistically less than that of the liberal blood transfusion group [(22.24±20.08)U] (P<0.05). 2) The increase of Hb per unit of RBC in the restrictive transfusion group [(4.98±3.37)g/L] was higher than that in the liberal transfusion group [(3.28±3.12)g/L], and the difference was statistically significant. (P< 0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in postoperative infection rate, incidence of transfusion adverse reaction, length of stay and 30 day mortality between the two groups (P> 0.05). 【Conclusion】 Limited blood transfusion treatment for severe burn patients in non-shock stage can reduce the frequency and risk of blood transfusion and save blood resources, which is of great significance for rational and safe blood use in clinic.