Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among males, and nearly all patients will inevitably de-velop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The prognosis of CRPC patients is very poor. How to implement the individualized treatment plan with minimal side effects and optimum benefit as well as how to prolong the patients' lives have recently become impor-tant issues. Current staging and grading systems fail to provide accurate prognoses of most CRPC, which have complicated biological behaviors. Over the past few years, a host of tumor molecular markers have been discovered and can provide prognostic information for CRPC. This review summarizes the molecular prognostic biomarkers that affect the prognosis of CRPC.

Objective To explore the angiographic characteristic of lower extremities of patients with diabetic foot. Methods The angiographic results of 35 lower extremities of diabetic patients, the characteristics of respective clinical stages and the stenosis degree at different arterial segments were undergone statistical analysis. Results (1) A lotal of 210 arterial segments were divided into the above-knee and the below-knee section. There was significant difference in stenosis degree between the two sections (P

Objective To evaluate the short-term results o f reconstruction of PCL(posterior cruciate liga-ment )with quadruple-stranded semitendi nosus tendon and bi-stranded gracilis tendon and to discuss the key point s of the surgery and postoperative rehab ilitation.Methods 12cases of PCL ruptures were reconstructed arthroscopically with quadruple-stranded semitendi nosus tendon and bidruple-stranded gracilis tendon.Results No patients had symptoms of knee instability.The sa g sign and posterior drawer test were negative in all.According to Lysholm knee function scale,10patients were rated as excellent and 2as good 1year after operation,with an average Lysholm score of 85?4.1.Conclusion Arthroscopic reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament with quadr uple-stranded semitendinosus tendon and bi-stran ded gracilis tendon can result in lim ited invasion,strong graft and satisfactory clinical results.[

BACKGROUND: A fibrinolytic enzyme (FLE) was purified from the venom of Agkistrodon blomhoffi brevicaudus by ion-exchange chromatography;meanwhile, it can dissolve thrombotic anti-thrombus drugs during onset of myocardial infarction and apoplexy.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the purification of FLE from the venom of Agkistrodon blomhoffi brevicaudus and research some biochemical and pharmacological characterizations.DESIGN: Controlled observational study.SETTING: Snake Venom Research Institute, Guangxi Medical University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in Snake Venom Research Institute of Guangxi Medical University from July 2003 to June 2005.Kunming mice, weighing 18-25 g, of mean body mass of (20±2) g, aged 3-4 months were provided by Experimental Animal Center of Guangxi Medical University. Agkistrodon blomhoffi brevicaudus was supplied by Snake Venom Research Institute of Guangxi Medical University.METHODS: FLE was purified with DEAE Sepharose CL-6B ion exchang columns and HiPrep Sephacryl S 100; purity and relative molecular mass were measured with high-effective chromatograph of liquid and polyacrylamidedel electrophoresis (PAGE); isoelectric point was measured with isoelectric focusing electrophoresis; and then, components and partially pharmacological characteristics were also measured.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative molecular mass, conformation of isoelectric point and amino acid, effect of inhibitor on FLE, hemorrhagic activity, and anticoagulant effect of FLE.RESULTS: All 30 rats and 12 rabbits were involved in the final analysis.Relative molecular mass was 59 100 and isoelectric point was 4.98. SDSPAGE acted as a zone in vitro. High-effective chromatograph of liquid showed a simple peak of FLE. This group belonged to metallo proteinases.Analysis of components of amino acid suggested that it contained a lot of acidity amino acids, had mild hemorrhagic toxicity and strongly thrombolytic effect.CONCLUSION: A simple acidity metallo proteinases, which is characterized by mild hemorrhagic toxicity and strong anti-coagulation, can be purified from the venom of Agkistrodon blomhoffi brevicaudus.

BACKGROUND: There are many methods for the treatment of femoral head necrosis, such as core decompression, bone graft, arthroplasty and joint replacement, and each of which has its own shortcomings. So, percutaneous bal oon angioplasty combined with coral artificial bone provides a new attempt for the treatment of femoral head necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of percutaneous bal oon angioplasty combined with coral artificial bone on femoral head necrosis repair. METHODS: Twenty-four Duroc piglets were enrol ed to establish bilateral femoral head necrosis models by liquid nitrogen freezing method. Then, model piglets were randomly treated with percutaneous bal oon angioplasty combined with injectable coral artificial bone (experimental group) or bone cement (control group) on one affected side, and meanwhile, given no treatment on the contralateral side (blank control group). At 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after surgery, X-ray examination, biomechanical test and histological detection were conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray showed that at 16 weeks after surgery, numerous new bones could be found in the experimental group and there was a fuzzy boundary between the artificial bone and surrounding tissues; no new bone formed in the control group, and the boundary was clear; in the blank control group, the surface of the femoral head col apsed, and bone trabeculae arranged disorderly, which were seriously destroyed. And in the histological detection at 16 weeks after surgery, there were numerous bone trabecula and osteoblasts around the coral bone in the experimental group, and the coral artificial bone almost dissolved; in the control group, bone cement was in an irregular shape and no bone trabecula formed; in the blank control group, bone trabecula were damaged in the col apsed area, whose structure was in disorder. Additional y, biomechanical changes in the experimental group were significantly better than those in the other two groups at different time points after surgery (P < 0.05). In conclusion, percutaneous bal oon angioplasty combined with coral artificial bone can repair femoral head necrosis by promoting new bone formation.

Objective To investigate the ability of targeting in vitro breast carcinoma and photoacoustic-mediate apoptosis of breast carcinoma of the nanoparticle probe loaded with Fe3O4 and observe its consequence of photoacoustic imaging in vitro.Methods The polymeric multifunctional nanoparticles probe that was loaded with Fe3O4 and connected with Herceptin targeting breast carcinoma was prepared in the use of double emulsion method and carbodiimide method.General physical property,the condition of Herceptin connected with nanoparticles and the ability of targeting of the probe were tested.The different concentration of nanoparticles was imaged by photoacoustic.The inhibiting effect of targeting nanoparticles on breast carcinoma cells was evaluated in vitro.Results The targeting polymeric multifunctional nanoparticles probes loaded with Fe3O,were prepared successfully with average particle diameter of (235.4± 53.75)nm and Zeta potential (-13.4 ± 4.7)mV.Fe3O4 particles dispersed on the shell of the probes.Antibody Hereeptin was successfully connected with the surface of the nanoprobes.There were massive targeting nanoprobes surround the breast carcinoma cell strains SKBR3 in the targeting group in vitro.The photoascoustic signal of the nanoprobes enhanced with the increase of Fe3O4 concentration in photoacoustic experiment in vitro.The apoptotic rate of breast carcinoma increased after the laser irradiation in the cell inhibition experiment in vitro.That proved the obvious inhibition of breast carcinoma cells was caused by photothermal effect of the prepared nanoprobes.Conclusions The prepared polymeric multifunctional nanoparticles probe that was loaded with Fe3O4 and connected with Herceptin targeting breast carcinoma can be used as a photoacoustic contrast agent,which can inhibit the proliferation of breast carcinoma by targeting photoacoustic therapy.

Objective To investigate the targeted capacity of ultrasound contrast agent with a galactosepoly-L-lysine ligand,and lay the foundation for targeted imaging in vivo and the treatment of liver cancer.Methods The small molecular targeted ligand was synthetized by a method of reductive amination,the targeted lipid microbubbles were performed by combining lipid microbubbles with the targeted ligand,the targeted effectiveness was observed by fluorescence microscopy.Results Galactose and poly-L-lysine were combined effectively after 24 h with the molar ratio 1:1 00,the average particle size of the targeted lipid microbubbles was 2 micron,the targeted combine of the HepG2 liver cancer cells with the targeted ultrasound contrast agent was observed by laser scanning confoeal microscope.Conclusions The targeted lipid miembubbles can target effectively to the HepG2 cells.

Objective To optimize the formulation of a new kind of ultrasound contrast agents carrying the sensitizer of hematoporphyrin(HP)with[Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA]for material.Methods The technique of double emulsion was applied to produce HP loaded PLGA ultrasound microbubbles,which was optimized through orthogonal test using encapsulation efficiency for the detected index.Then morphology and distribution of HP-PLGA microbubbles were observed through light microscope and scaning electron microscope.The size,Zeta potential and the properties of releasing behavior and ultrasound imaging in vitro of Hp-PLGA contrast agents were detected.Results The optimization parameters were picked out as 10 mg/ml for concentration of HP,40 mg for PLGA,and 1/5 for volume ratio of water inside to dichloromethane.The optimized HP-PLGA contrast agents were spheric with the mean size of 602.3 nm,and Zeta potentiaI of-(17.1±1.6)mV.The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of HP-PLGA were(2.15±0.15)%and(63.5±2.6)%,respectively.And the releasing behavior of HP-PLGA contrast agents in vitro was that after an obvious release of about 35.1%in former 24 h,there were 86.5%HP-PLGA released within 14 days.The ultrasound imaging of HP-PLGA could be enhanced obviously in vitro.Conclusions The self-made HP-PLGA ultrasound microbubble might be a useful tool for delivering sensitizer and thus provide a novel strategy for sonodynamic therapy on tumor.

The arterial lesions of lower extremities in patients with diabetic foot ulcers were extensive.The majority of below-knee arteries showed severe stenosis, even complete occlusion.Interventional therapy of femoral artery was effective in improving arterial blood perfusion and remission of the pain and numbness.After therapy, the skin temperature and ankle brachial index (ABI) were increased, healing of ulcer was enhanced and intermittent claudication was ameliorated.Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of femoral artery was effective in improving arterial blood perfusion of the lower extremities with foreseen curing efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) artificial composite bone has a porous morphology and good biocompatibility, and it is helpful to improve the fusion rate in a spinal fusion model, which however has not yet been confirmed.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preparation methods, biocompatibility and application effect of β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone in the spinal fusion model.METHODS: (1) Calcium sulfate dihydrate under certain conditions and at a proper temperature can be dehydrated to prepare α-CSH. Healthy bovine cancellous bone was decellularized, degreased and sintered under the certain condition and at the certain temperature to prepare β-TCP particles. Then, the β-TCP particles were dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, suspended, dried, and then used to prepare the β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone. Osteoblasts from the rabbit periosteum were co-cultured with the composite bone, and then cell morphology, adhesion and proliferation were observed. (2) Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were selected to make bilaterally posterolateral spinal fusion models of the multiple thoracic vertebrae, in which β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone was implanted into the left side (experimental group) and autogenous bone implanted into the right side (control group). The spinal fusion rate was compared between the two groups.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under the phase contrast microscope, a relatively small amount of L929 cells adhered to the composite bone after 3 days of co-culture, while the number of adherent cells became relatively dense. Under the scanning electron microscope, there were many crystalline particles on the surface of the composite bone,indicating a higher number of adherent cells on the composite bone surface. (2) The spinal fusion rate was increased at 4 weeks after implantation of β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone, which was significantly higher than that after implantation of autogenous bone (P < 0.05). (3) At 4 weeks after autogenous bone implantation, the bone trabecular bone was scarce and clumped, and newborn bone tissues and the boneless autograft bone were dominant. After 8 weeks after spinal fusion, the newborn bone tissues around the autograft were further increased. At 4 weeks after β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone implantation, there was no degradation of debris, but existed a few new bone tissues; at 8 weeks after implantation,the composite bone was surrounded by newborn bone tissues, and thickened trabecular bone and degradation of the composite bone were found. To conclude, the prepared β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone can achieve a higher fusion rate in the spinal fusion model.