Silent cerebral infarction is widely exist in the elderly population.It is considered to be the early clinical stage of symptomatic stroke and cognitive impairment.The incidences of silent cerebral infarction are higher in patients with atrial fibrillation and after atrial fibrillation ablation.It is not clear whether anticoagulant therapy can prevent silent cerebral infarction and improve cognitive function in patients with atrial fibrillation.This article reviews the hot issues related to silent cerebral infarction and atrial fibrillation.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) are a sort of somatic stem cells deriving from the mesoderm.They are capable of self-renewing,differentiating into mesenchymal or non-mesenchymal tissues,anti-inflammatory,reducing oxidative stress and immunomodulatory.MSCs exert their protective effect on various tissues,especially the ischemia-reperfusion injured tissue.This review summarizes the repairative potential of MSCs on ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The normal arterial patterns in the left ventricle wall of 100 rabbit hearts were studied by means of postmortem coronary angiography, the clearing method and histological sections, and in comparison with that of the human heart.The intramural arterial patterns in the left ventricle of rabbit heart are similar to human heart in many ways. "Branching" type arteries (Class A vessels) supply the whole myocardium, including the subendocardial zone, while "straight" type arteries(Class B vessels)mainly supply the papillary muscle and trabeculae carneae where they form the subendocardial plexus. The arterial type in papillary muscles may be classified into segmental pattern, axial pattern and mixed pattern. The arterial distribution in the interventricular septum is without rule. The capillaries in all areas run parallel with the myocardial fibres and show cross connexions somewhere.

Objective To optimize the culture medium for scarless wound healing in outbred fetal Kunming (KM) mice,and to locate and preliminarily analyze the region with active cell proliferation.Methods After 6 pregnant mice were sacrificed at the gestational age of 15 days,a total of 180 skin grafts were obtained from the back of 60 fetal mice,and wounds on the skin grafts were made uniformly with minimally invasive sterile device.Then,these skin grafts with wounds were randomly and equally divided into 6 groups to be treated with high-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM),DMEM + 5％ fetal bovine serum (FBS),DMEM + 10％ FBS,low-glucose Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM),MEM + 5％ FBS,and MEM + 10％ FBS for 3 days,respectively.Then,these skin grafts were embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound,and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to select the optimal culture condition for wound healing.Under the optimal culture condition,the region with active cell proliferation was located by labeling and tracking cutaneous stem cells with 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU),and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expression was detected by immunofluorescent staining.Results After 3-day cultivation,wound healing rates significantly differed among the DMEM group,DMEM + 5％ FBS group,DMEM + 10％ FBS group,MEM group,MEM + 5％ FBS group and MEM + 10％ FBS group (0,3.33％,6.67％,3.33％,46.67％ and 26.67％,respectively,x2 =41.39,P ＜ 0.05).Additionally,the MEM + 5％ FBS group showed a significantly higher wound healing rate than the other groups except the MEM + 10％ FBS group (all P ＜ 0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that the type of basal medium (MEM:OR =11.717,95％ CI:3.274-41.934,P ＜ 0.001) and FBS concentrations (5％ FBS:OR =24.625,95％ CI:3.027-200.299,P =0.003;10％ FBS:OR =13.449,95％ CI:1.618-111.813,P =0.016) were factors influencing fetal wound healing.Under the culture condition of 5％ FBS + MEM,the dermis and epidermis healed well without epidermal thickening.The cutaneous stem cell labeling technique showed that the papillary dermis and basal layer of the epidermis were the two major regions with active cell proliferation in the wound of fetal mouse skin.Moreover,AP-1 was expressed abundantly in these two regions as well.Conclusions The culture condition of 5％ FBS + MEM is considered to be optimal for in vitro wound healing in fetal mice.The papillary dermis and basal layer of the epidermis are two major regions with active cell proliferation during wound healing in fetal mouse skin,and play important roles in wound healing process.

Objective:To investigate the oral Candida albicans(CA)distribution in Uyghur children and to explore the gene type of CA in the children with high caries.Methods:The oral CA of 144 Uyghur children aged 3 -5 years was detected and identified by CHROMagar Candida medium culture,biochemical identification and PCR respectively.Gene type in 25 samples of high caries was de-tected by PCR25r-genotyping.Results:CA was found in 35(24.3%)of the children,and 25 of them with high caries.The gene type of CA was divided into type A,B and C,A was the major(72.0%).Conclusion:Oral Candida albicans may be related to childhood caries of Uygur population.Candida albicans with genotype A may be more cariogenic in Uygur children.

The sex difference in stroke is increasingly receiving attention. The incidence and prevalence of stroke in males are higher than in females. There are greater differences both among the age groups and populations. The incidences of cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage in males are higher than females, while the incidence of subarachnoidal hemorrhage is even higher in females. Studies have shown that mortality of stroke in males is higher; however,because the females are older and have more serious symptoms at the onset of stroke, therefore their prognosis is poorer. Poststroke depression is common in females and their quality of life is lower. Stroke in females is mostly involved in cerebral cortex; their atypical symptoms are more common. Both males and females can benefit from thrombolytic and stroke unit therapies. Females with cardioembolic stroke may benefit more from anticoagulant therapy.

Objective To study the effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)inhibitor U0126 on matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)in brain tissue after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)in rats and to investigate the action mechanisms of ERK1/2 and M M P-9 in blood-brain barrier(BBB)injury and brain edema after SAH.Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups:SAH model,sham operation,U0126 intervention,and vehicle groups.A SAH model was induced by injection of autologous blood into cisterna magna once.The dry-wet weight method was used to detected brain tissue water content in order to evaluate cerebral edema.BBB permeability was evaluated by the Evans blue extravasation method.The immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of MMP-9 and phosphorylated ERK1/2.Results The expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and MMP-9 was lower in the sham operation group.The expression of both was up regulated at 24 hours after SAH.The brain water content and Evans blue content also increased.U0126 treatment decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the expression of MMP-9,improved the BBB permeability,and alleviated brain edema.Conclusions MMP-9 is involved in the pathophysiological processes of early BBB injury and brain edema aft er SAH.ERK1/2 pathway may play a vital role in the expression of MMP-9.U0126 may protect BBB and reduce brain edema after SAH by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.

The normal arterial patterns in the left ventricle wall of 100 rabbithearts were studied by the methods of postmortem coronary angiogram, theclearing method and histological section, compared with that of the humanheart. The intramural arterial patterns in the left ventricle of the rabbitheart are similar to those of the human heart. "Branching" type arteries(Class A vessels) supply the whole of myocardium, including the subendoca-rdial zone, while "straight" type arteries(Class B vessels)mainly supply thepapillary muscle and trabeculae carneae where they form the subendocardialplexus. The arterial type in papillary muscles may be classified intosegmental pattern, axial pattern and mixed pattern. The arterial distributionof the left ventricular side in the interventricular septum is ruleless. Thecappillaries in all areas run parallel with the myocardial fibres and showthe crosscorexions somewhere.

Objective Comprehensive geriatric assessment is the core technology,this paper describes the concept of comprehensive geriatric assessment,objects,content,assessment methods,interventions and research pro-gress,provide experience to carry out comprehensive geriatric assessment in Tibet,the Tibet region to explore for com-prehensive geriatric assessment mode.

Intramural vescular changes in the healing process after myocardial infarction were studied by the methods of histological section after ligating the left coronary artery of 119 rats. The intramural vascular patterns in the left ventricular free wall of the rat heart are similar to those of the human and the rabbit, but the patterns in the interventricular septum of the rat heart are only similar to those of the rabbit. The left ventricutar free wall contains 3,903?48 capillaries per mm~2 on the average. The capillaries in all areas run parallel with the myocardial fibres. After figuring the left coronary artery of the rat heart,the intramural vascular changes may be divided into three stages, i.e.avascularity, hypervascularity and hypovascularity, which coincide with the healing process of myocardial infarction. It is suggested that the coronary collateral circulation begins within the first two days, and increases gradually during 3 to 7 days after myocardial infarction. The evolutionary process of blood vessels in experimental myocardial infarction of rats is more rapid than that in the human and in the rabbit, but the process itself is similar to each other.