As the moral principle that is to be obeyed in any circumstances by any individual,the ultimate principle of morality is defined as the quantization of the ultimate moral motives,and that is,the increase and decrease of every individual's total benefits.In the case that the individual benefit can't be balanced and benefit conflict occurs,this principle manifests as the "net surplus of maximal benefit".While in the case that individual benefits can be compatible with each other and no conflict occurs,this principle manifests as the "Pareto Standard",that is,the increase of total benefits without jeopardizing anyone's benefit.

Both Behaviourism(behavioral utilitarianism and behavioral obligationism) and Doctrinism(doctrine utilitarianism and doctrine obligationism) are jug-handled and incorrect theories on the serviceable range of ultimate moral norms and their relationships between other moral doctrines.However,the truth should be as follows.Only in case of extraordinary circumstances,that is,the moral norms are conflicted and contradicted,the moral norms are invalid,and only the final moral norms should be abided by.In all the other cases or in all the ordinary cases,the moral norms should be straightly followed and the ultimate moral norms be ultimately followed.

Being the ultimate ethical behavior,pure altruistic morality is the topmost principle of morality and virtue,and thus of the maximal values.Being the lowest ethical behavior,pure self-interested morality is the most insignificant principle of morality and virtue,and thus of the minimal values.Being compromised between the above two forms of virtues,the self-interested altruistic morality is the basic principle of morality and virtue,and thus of a moderate values between the other two ethical behaviors.In this triangle of ethical values,each value merely emphasizes itself and excludes the other two.Therefore,all of the three ethical principles of virtue are peer unilateral ethical truth that focus their own principles of virtue.

Justice has no correlation with one's own stake,but is totally rooted in the ethical behaviors of other's stake,or in other words,the ethical behaviors of interpersonal stake exchange.Equal stake exchange is the so-called justice,and the utmost principle for judging the justice of all behaviors,such as the good return for goodness,sow the wind and reap the whirlwind,etc.Unequal stake exchange of evil is the unequality and the utmost principle for judging the unequality of all behaviors,such as no return for goodness,or to bite the hand that feeds one,etc.Unequal stake exchange of virtues,such as giving a well back for the goodness of a drop of water,is indifferent with the classification of justice or unequality,but an extra goodness surmounting justice,which is also known as benevolence and mercy.

Objective To explore an effective treatment for knee osteoarthritis.Methods All patients were randomly recruited into an observation group(n=41)and a control group(n=37).The observation group was treated by warming needling.while the control group was treated by common acupuncture combined with TDP. Results The effective rate of the observation group and the control group was 90.24%and 70.27%respectively,showing significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusion The warming needling was effective in treating knee osteoarthritis.

Sagittal spinal deformity is one of the common reasons of sagittal disequilibrium which can cause torso forward,cardiopulmonary dysfunction,fiat back syndrome,intractable low back pain and a series of cases,affecting the patients' life quality and increasing huge economic burden on society.The treatment of sagittal spinal deformity has been a hot spot in the field of clinical spinal surgery and its main purpose is to reconstruct the overall balance of the body,which would relieve pain and improve life quality.Pedicle subtraction osteotomy is considered to be one of the most effective and safe method for correcting spinal deformity with excellent reconstruction of sagittal plane balance.However,the calculation of the angle required during surgery is still a problem,because insufficient or excessive correction will lead to the secondary sagittal disequilibrium.Therefore,an accurate calculation of the angle required during pedicle subtraction osteotomy is particularly important.In recent years,scholars believe that the sagittal equilibrium depends on a fragile balance among spinal curvature,pelvic shape and position of the lower limbs.Scholars have developed a standard of sagittal equilibrium based on their own research,and proposed a variety of quantitative analysis methods to calculate the angle required during pedicle subtraction osteotomy:trigonometric method,exact angle calculation method,overall balance method,spine femoral angle measurement method,digital virtual method,graphic method,acoustic meati to hip axis method and hilus pulmonis to hip axis method,which provide important theoretical bases for the treatment of sagittal spinal deformity.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of percutaneous catheter drainage under the guidance of ultrasound in the treatment of hepatic abscess.Method Forty-eight cases who were clinical diagnosis of liver abscess by percutaneous catheter drainage was selected as the observation group.There were 12 cases of liver abscess diagnosed by parallel surgical drainage in the treatment as the control group.To observe the clinical effect,hospitalization time and complications of two groups of patients after treatment.Results The cure rate of observation group was significandy higher than that in control group:100％ (48/48) vs.The temperature recovery time and hospitalization time of the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group:(1.5 ±0.3) d vs.(3.2 ±0.8) d,(9.3 ±2.3) d vs.(17.5 ±3.2) d.No complications occurred in the observation group,and there were 2 cases in the control group.Conclusions Percutaneous catheter drainage in the treatment of liver abscess has advantages of simple economy,less trauma,less complications and high cure rate.It has become the first choice for treatment of liver abscess.

Objective To verify the performance of Hitachi 7600 automatic biochemical analyzer .Methods According to labora‐tory accreditation criteria and the performance verification documents of American CLIA′88 ,the precision ,accuracy ,reference inter‐val ,linear range and clinical reportable range were verified for the tests of 19 conventional biochemical indicators performed on Hita‐chi 7600 biochemical analyzer most often .Results The precision ,accuracy ,reference interval ,linear range and clinical reportable range were all acceptable .Conclusion Hitachi 7600 automatic biochemical analyzer could fully meet the reqirements in clinical ap‐plication .

The current situation of medical metrology is expatiated and the advantages of medical metrology room is introduced. Some kinds of equipment can't be measured. Doctors and nurses don't attach enough importance to medical metrology work. Countermeasures are put forward.

Anthropometric evaluations of the upper limb have become valuable in the assessment of nutritional status of fat and protein. The standards for TSF (triceps skinfold thickness), T + S (sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses), F(upper arm fat area), AMC (upper arm muscle circumference) and M(upper arm muscle area) which can be used on male adults tentatively are presented by survey in 1532 healthy males aged from 18 to 34 years.