Pharmacogenomics refers to all the genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes,drug transporters,and other drug targets. Studying the relations betweeen gene polymorphisms and drug effects as well as the prediction of adverse reactions at the gene level will be a new method for the clinical therapy of digestive system diseases. Therefore,pharmacogenomics will be a complement of traditional methods for forming and administering drugs regimens.

28 days after injury (P < 0.05). In the fracture+spinal cord injury group, the level of serum transforming growth factor beta 1 had a rapid increase on the 7th day, and reached the peak on the 14th day, and then, this level had no significant decrease until the 28th day. In the simple fracture group, the level of serum transforming growth factor beta 1 began to increase on the 2nd day, reached the peak on the 7th day, and then decreased gradualy. Remarkable changes of serum transforming growth factor beta 1 levels in patients with bone fracture combined with spinal cord injury may be associated with fracture healing in different periods.

BACKGROUND:In the animal model of spinal cord injury associated with fractures, the trauma is severe and postoperative survival rate is low. The improved Al en method and open femoral osteotomy method for making animal model has many advantages, such as simple operation, no need of special equipment, quick establishment, shortened operation time and reduced intraoperative bleeding, so they are suitable for preparing a femoral fracture model combined with spinal cord injury.
OBJECTIVE:To design an animal model of femoral fracture combined with spinal cord injury, which can maintain long time survival, meet clinical features, and is simple and easy.
METHODS:Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into simple femoral fracture group and femoral fracture merging spinal cord injury group. Femoral fracture model was caused by opening osteotomy to cause transverse fracture and implantation of internal fixator in femur. According to the improved Al en method, a self-made blow device was applied to cause acute T 10 segment contusion injury of spinal cord in rats. Thus the femoral fracture model merging spinal cord injury was successful y established. The rats in two groups were grossly observed at different time points after the modeling, and the fracture healing at 4 weeks was detected.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al the animal models of femoral fracture with spinal cord injury survived, which exhibited the loss of sensory and motor function of the lower limbs, but could slowly creep forward by the upper limbs. In the first 3 days, the rats had poor appetite and few activity, with tail suspension at night there were no ischemia and necrosis of the limb fracture. At 4 weeks, one rat in simple femoral fracture group died, while four rats in femoral fracture merging spinal cord injury group died, with the survival rate of 83.33%, intramedul ary fixation were not prolapsed. In the two groups, continuous bone cal us formation was found in the fracture, and the bone cal us volume in femoral fracture merging spinal cord injury group was significantly higher than those in simple femoral fracture group. The results demonstrated that combining the improved Al en method with smal lateral incision open femoral osteotomy is a simple and feasible method for the establishment of femoral fracture model merging spinal cord injury, and the models survive for 4 weeks.

[Objective]To evaluate the effect of post-operative rehabilitative nursing of patients repaired with acellular nerve allograft.[Method]From April 2003 to April 2006,39 inpatients with peripheral nerve defect were subjected to receive acellular nerve allograft in order to repair nerve defect.The patients were rehabilitated with special nursing after being operated and discharged.Among of them,21 patients were followed up over 6 months,the effect of treatment was analyzed.[Result]Among 21 patients,16 people had excellent and good effect of treatment and the efficient rate was 71.4%.[Conclusion]Post-operative rehabili tative nursing is important and effective for rehabilitation patients of peripheral nerve injuries repaired with acellular nerve allograft.

BACKGROUND:Platelet-derived growth factor has the ability of wound repair, and relevant studies mainly focus on bone tissue repair. However, there are less studies about the effect of platelet-derived growth factors in skin wound healing. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of platelet-derived growth factor to promote wound healing by the regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels to the wound. METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels from rats were cultured. Immunofluorescence method was conducted to detect cel surface markers of CD34 and CD44 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels. Thirty healthy male SD rats were divided into five groups at random. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels labeled with PKH-26 were injected into the rat caudal vein in each group. The rats were anesthetized 1 week after injection. On the center of rat back, a 3-cm incision was made to establish a wound healing model. Different concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor were injectedvia multi-points on the skin wound after modeling, and the control group was treated with the same volume of normal saline. Skin wound tissues were taken for relevant parameter measurement at 14 days after injection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the fluorescence microscope, platelet-derived growth factor could induce the migration and accumulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels to the trauma in a dose-dependent manner and promote the wound healing. Masson staining showed that, with the concentration increase, platelet-derived growth factors could reduce inflammatory cel infiltration and increase the number of colagen fibers. Results from western blot assay showed that platelet-derived growth factor could inhibit the expression of matrix metaloproteinase-1, promote the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metaloproteinase 1 in the wound, and inhibit the colagen degradation, thereby promoting skin wound healing indirectly.

Objective To investigate the changes of fractalkine (FKN) in rat model of acute liver failure (ALF) and the role of FKN in liver inflammatory injury.Methods SD rats were divided into tWO groups:6 in normal group and 36 in model group.D-galactosamine(D-Gal) was used to induce ALF in model group.The sera and hepatic tissue samples were collected at 12,24,48,72,120 andl68 h.After D-Gal injection.FKN mRNA and nuclear factor(NF)-kB mRNA in hepatic tissue samples were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 12 h were(208.3±43.5)U/L and (375.2±117.3)lJ/L,respectively,which were both significantly higher than those in normal group[(31.8±2.9)U/L and (90.8±3.1)U/L](t=-9.912 and-5.935,respectively,both P<0.01);the levels of ALT and AST peaked at 72 h after D-Gal injection.The levels of FKN mRNA(O.086±0.009)in model group at 12 h were significantly higher than those (O.044±0.009) in normal group(t=-7.999.P<0.01),and peaked at 72 h (O.333±0.033),then decreased obviously at 120 h. The levels of NF-KB mRNA in the liver of normal rats were very little;and the levels in model group were increased gradually over time,then peaked at 72 h (O.583±0.i01,t=-12.607,P<0.01).FKN mRNA and NF0kB mRNA were positively correlated (r=0.760,P<0.01).Conclusion The FKN expression may play all important role in liver inflammatory injury in rat model of acute liver failure, which could provide a new approach for ALF therapy.

Objective To assess the results of colonoscopy surveillance in 5 years after polypectomy of non-advanced colorectal adenoma and to identify its risk factors. Methods Patients undergoing colonosco-py and followed up with colonoscopy within 5 years between January 2003 and December 2013 were retro-spectively analyzed.No substance or only small quantity of clear water left in the intestinal tract and colono-scopes accessing ileocecus were regarded as complete examination. The initial colonoscopy was regarded as the baseline colonoscopy. Patients with non-advanced adenomas were assigned to the case group and those without were to the control group. Data of clinical characteristics and colorectal findings were estimated and risk factors were identified. Results A total of 828 patients were included,374 patients in the case group and 454 in the control group on baseline colonoscopy.The case group had a low incidence of advanced adeno-mas at a 1 to 5 years interval when compared with the control group,both with adequate baseline examination [1. 5%(5/ 326)VS 2. 2%(9/ 408),P = 0. 51]. The detection rates of advanced adenomas on follow-up colonoscopy at 1 to 3 years and 3 to 5 years in case group were 1. 7%(3/ 178)and 1. 4%(2/ 148),respec-tively(P>0. 05).Regression analysis showed age≥50 years old and being male were the independent risk factors for advanced adenomas recurrence within 5 years follow-up. No colon cancer was found in 828 patients during the follow-up. Conclusion Surveillance colonoscopy intervals within 5 years is of little benefit to pa-tients who had adequate polypectomy. Too early reexaminations due to concerns about advanced adenomas recurrence can be avoided.

BACKGROUND:How to control the orderly formation of colage in skin repair and scarring process is worthy of attention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) combined with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the proliferation and colagen synthesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem celsin vitro. METHODS:Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels were isolated and cultured to induce adipogenic differentiation assessed by oil red O staining and osteogenic differentiation identified by alizarin red stainingin vitro. Passage 3 cels were cultured in the medium containing bFGF, IGF-1, combination of them or the control fluid, respectively. MTT assay was used to detect cel proliferation at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of culture. The expression of type I colagen and type III colagen were detected by RT-PCR and western blot after 10 days of incubation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, bFGF or IGF-1 alone significantly promoted the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels, and inhibited the expression of type I colagen and type III colagen. After combined use of bFGF and IGF-1, the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels was improved more significantly, and the expression of type I colagen and type III colagen returned to normal levels. These findings indicate that the combination of IGF-1 and bFGF can promote proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels and restrain the expression of type I colagen and type III colagen, which may be helpful for control and repair of scar formation during wound healing.

Neuronal guidance factor Netrin-1 has been known to be involved in nervous system development by controlling neuronal migration through both chemoattractive and chemo-repulsive signaling by binding different receptors. Netrin-1 has been shown to play a positively regulatory role during inflammatory process recently. Since the chemorepulsive receptors were found in leukocytes, it is suggest that Netrin-1 played a protective role in tissue through inhibiting leukocyte trafficking and accumulating during inflammatory process in researches. It is demonstrated that Netrin-1 can limit inflammatory response through the involvement of inflammatory cascades, attenuate hypoxia-inducible tissue injury and suppress apoptosis concurrently. It is indicated that Netrin-1 can be a novel target in future through preventing and inhibiting inflammatory diseases in these researches. This review will focus on recent relevant advances and in-depth study to elucidate its mechanism of anti-inflammation.

Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of one stage surgery of release and bone reduction by posterior approach to treat basilar invagination (BI) with irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation (IAAD),and to explore the indications and crucial techniques of posterior approach.Methods All of 17 Consecutive patients (8 males and 9 females) with BI and IAAD who underwent release and reduction by posterior approach from July 2000 to June 2015 were enrolled in the present study,the mean age was 35.2±13.8 years with a range of 12-56 years.The clinical symptoms and signs was recorded,and preoperative imaging examination,including anteroposterior,lateral,dynamic films,MRI and CT of cervical spine,were performed to identify the series.There were 14 cases with atlanto-occipital fusion,7 cases with C2,3 fusion,6 cases with Chiari malformation,6 cases with Syringomyelia,and 8 cases with myelomalacia.The clinic symptoms include occiput/neck pain in 15 cases,cervical movement limitation in 13 cases,short neck in 9 cases,torticollis in 12 cases,Paresthesia in 14 cases,weakness in 13 cases,tendon reflexes hyperfunction in 16 cases and ataxia in 13 cases.The postoperative X-rays,MRI or CT were used to observed the results of decompression,fixation and fusion.Neurological function was assessed by JOA scale and Ranawat's score before,after surgery and at final follow-up.Pre-and post-operative Chamberlain (CL),Wackenheim (WL),McGae (ML),atlantodental interval (ADI) and cervico-medullary angle (CMA) were analyzed by student t-test.Results The average operation time was 145 mins (90-210 mins) and blood loss was 175 ml (150-350 ml).The average follow-up was 44.47 months (9-94 months).JOA score was increased from 8.06 preoperatively to 15.20 postoperatively,the improvement rate was 77.2％.Preoperative Ranawat's score was Ⅱ in 1 case,Ⅲla in 12 cases,ⅢB in4 cases.Postoperative score was Ⅰ in 13 cases,Ⅱ in 4 cases.The preoperative CL,WL,ML,ADI and CMA were (12.52±5.17) mm,(6.59±3.04) mm,(6.96±4.32) mm,(9.88± 1.93) mm,115.35°± 12.40°,respectively.and the postoperative CL,WL,ML,ADI and CMA were (2.0±3.67) mm,(-3.06±1.85) mm,(-1.76±2.88) mm,(1.17± 1.18) mm,136.76°±11.44°,respectively.The perioperative complications were discovered in 2 cases,including 1 case of infection and1 case of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) leakage.Conclusion Primary surgery of nerve release and bone reduction by posterior approach may be safe and efficient for the treatment of BI and IAAD.Preoperative evaluation,proper surgical indications and advanced surgical techniques are important for treatment results.