The KCNQ gene family encodes five Kv7 channel sub-units(Kv7. 1-5) and four of these (Kv7. 2-5) channels are ex-pressed in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Neuronal Kv7 channels participate in both pre-and post-synaptic modulation of neurotransmissions. Activation of neuronal Kv7 channels inhibits neuronal excitability and limits the release of monoaminergic neu-rotransmitter. Kv7 channel openers provide novel therapeutic op-tions in the treatment of disease states characterized by overactiv-ity of monoaminergic neurons ( e. g. schizophrenia, anxiety and drug abuse) . This review summarizes the studies on expression and functional role of Kv7 channels in monoaminergic neurotrans-mission in the CNS and the potential therapeutic effect of Kv7 channel openers on the disease characterized by overactivity of monoaminergic neurons.

Objective To investigate the incidence of macrosomia in Ezhou of Hubei province of China,and analyze the in-fluencing factors in an attempt to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and intervention of macrosomia.Methods The incidence and change pattern of macrosomia were analyzed by reviewing the medical records of delivery between 2010 to 2014 in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Ezhou City.Chi-square and logistic regression were used to analyze the lnfluencing fac-tors of macrosomia.Results The incidence of macrosomia in Ezhou city was 5.5% in 2010-2014,and it tended to decline by year.Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that maternal age at delivery,gestational week,history of miscarriage and the infant gender were influencing factors of macrosomia.Conclusion The development of macrosomia is associated with many fac-tors.More attention should be paid to the pregnancy care to reduce the occurrence of macrosomia.

Tuberculosis is still a serious public health problem,World Health Organization (WHO) call for the end tuberculosis strategy based on the stop tuberculosis strategy,screening for the latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and giving treatment is one important step to prevent the progression of LTBI to active tuberculosis.LTBI defined as a state of persistent immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without evidence of clinically manifested active tuberculosis.This article will introduce the pathogenesis,epidemiology,diagnosis and preventive treatment of LTBI in children.

M channel, a voltage-dependent potassium channel, has been found in a variety of neurons. It is activated near the threshold of neuron action potential,producing a primary K~+ current, namely the M-current. The M-current can be modulated by many neurotransmitters and hormones, which can influence neuron excitability, conduction and neurotransmitter release. This review discusses the signal transduction pathway from G_~ q/11 activation to intracellular calcium, membrane phospholipid and phosphokinase, and explains the mechanism of M-current modulation by neurotransmitters.

Plastic bronchitis(PB) is an uncommon respiratory disease characterized by formation of casts in tracheobronchial tree.It can lead to airway obstruction, difficulty of breathing and even respiratory failure.PB in children is commonly associated with lower airway infection, cyanotic congenital heart disease and asthma or atopic diseases.It can also be found in children with sickle cell anemia, thalassemia and cystic fibrosis and so no.There are three main mechanisms for the formation of casts: airway inflammation results in mucus hypersecretion; inflammatory insults lead to necrosis and abscission of the airway epithelium, mucosal edema, and finally cause airway clearance impairment; leakage of chyle from lung lymphatic circulation into airway.But the etiology of this disease is various, pathogenesis is complex.Further research is required to elucidate the pathogenesis.

Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is one of the common causes of chronic cough in children.The common pathogenic bacteria of PBB include haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catabilis.Viruses are also involved in the development of PBB.In addition, the microbiome of PBB is different from that of normal children, with lower respiratory tract flora disorder.This paper summarized the recent progress in the microbiology of PBB.

Humans ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; pathogenicity ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; microbiology

As an outward,voltage-dependent potassium channel,M type channel is crucial in the regulation of neuronal excitability;it is modulated by a variety of factors in vivo and its dysfunction often results in neuronal system diseases.Great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanism underlying M channel modulation since its discovery decades ago.It is generally accepted that the Phospholipase C(PLC) signaling pathway plays a significant role in the M channel modulation.This review highlights the relationship between PLC signaling pathway and M channel modulation,as well as some recent progresses in the research of this field.

Receptor tyrosine kinase(RTK),a membrane receptor superfamily with intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity,has many members and complicated signal transduction pathways.Activation of RTKs can trigger a series of signal transduction pathways and play essential roles in modulating cell growth,proliferation,differentiation and metabolism through influencing gene transcription and expression.Activation of RTK can also rapidly modulate some cellular functions including the modulation of ion channels.Potassium channels play a critical role in stabilization of membrane potential and regulation of cellular excitability.This review highlights the rapid modulation of potassium channels by RTKs and reviews the recent progress in related research.

T-type calcium channels are expressed in various tis-sues and play key roles in physiology and pathophysiology,inclu-ding neuronal firing,hormone secretion,pain,and cancer,etc. Hence,it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms un-derlying the regulation of T-type channels.Substantial literature suggests many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)and related second messengers can modulate T-type channel in some extent. Here,this review focuses on the modulation of T-type calcium channels by GPCRs and related second messengers.