MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that are rich in content and are highly con-served. miRNA can regulate vital biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and cell apoptosis. Their expression is dysregulated in many diseases. miRNA are essential in the initiation and development of various cancers. Recent miRNA studies have gradually moved from basic molecular studies of cancer onto areas of clinical application. The use of miRNA as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and target molecules for cancer treatment is increasingly being identified. This review summarizes the potential applications of miRNA as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer, drug response, and susceptibility prediction.

Objective To investigate the expression of miR-451 and its clinical significance in gastric cancer. Meth?ods The miR-451 expression was detected in 92 samples of gastric cancer and 47 sapmles of normal stomach mucosa. The correlations of miR-451 expression with clinicopathologic characteristics, overall survival and disease-free survival were an?alyzed in patients with gastric cancer. Results The overexpression rate of miR-451 was 38.04%in gastric cancer, which was significantly lower than 76.60%in adjacent normal tissues (χ2=18.503,P<0.001). The overexpression rate of miR-451 was significantly lower inⅢ-Ⅳstages of gastric cancer than that inⅠ-Ⅱstages (27.3%vs 54.1%, P=0.009). The expres?sion of miR-451 was also lower in patients with lymph node metastasis than that in patients without lymph node metastasis (27.1%vs 57.6%, P=0.004). However, there were no significant differences in miR-451 expressions between different age, gender, histological grade and T stage groups (P>0.05). The overall survival rate was significantly higher in patients with high expression of miR-451 than that in patients with low expression of miR-451(69.2%vs 39.1%, P=0.003). Conclusion miR-451 is associated with the malignant transformation, progression, and prognosis of gastric cancer, and which can be used as a potential target of therapy and a biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer in the future.

Background and purpose:miR-124 is considered to be a tumor suppressor in multiple tumors, including lung cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and breast cancer. However, its function is unclear in gastric cancer. This study aimed to explore the expression of miR-124 in human gastric mucosal epithelium cells and different gastric cancer cells, as well as gastric cancer tissues and matched para-cancerous tissues. The correlations of miR-124 expression with gender, age, histological grade, T stage, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and prognosis of gastric cancer patients were analyzed.Methods:A real-time lfuorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR) was employed for detecting the expression of miR-124 in human gastric mucosal epithelium cells and gastric cancer cells. The expression of miR-124 in gastric cancer tissues and matched para-cancerous tissues was detected by in situ hybridization.Results:The RTFQ-PCR results indicated that the expression of miR-124 was down-regulated in MKN-74, MKN-28, MKN-45, MGC-803, SGC-7901 and AGS cells compared to GES-1 cells.In situ hybridization showed that miR-124 was strongly expressed in normal gastric mucosa. However, low expression, focal positive expression or lack of miR-124 expression were observed in gastric cancer tissues. Statistical analysis showed that miR-124 was close-ly correlated to histological stage, TNM stage and node metastasis of gastric cancer patients, but not the age, gender and tumor size. The OS and DFS of the patients with low expression of miR-124 were shorter than that of the patients with high expression of miR-124. Multivariate analysis suggested that miR-124 down-regulation was an independent prog-nostic factor for survival in patients with gastric cancer.Conclusion:miR-124 is down-regulated in gastric cancer cells and tissues. The expression of miR-124 is correlated to histological stage, TNM stage, node metastasis and prognosis.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) in breast cancer.Methods Tissue samples of 76 breast cancers and corresponding paired adjacent normal tissues were collected and made into tissue micrcarrays (TMAs).Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed to detect the expression of LDHA and further analyzed the correlation of LDHA expression and clinicopathological variables and prognosis of breast cancers.Results LDHA was frequently upregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to the normal breast tissues (P ＜ 0.05).High LDHA expression was associated with distant metastasis (P ＜ 0.05) and worse patient prognosis (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions LDHA is closely related to the occurrence and clinical progress of breast cancers.LDHA might be a potential novel molecular marker for diagnosis,prognosis and therapy in breast cancers.

Objective To investigate the expression of the hsa-miR-155 in serum of endometrial cancer and its clinical significance. Methods Collected 44 cases blood specimens before surgery operation from Sep. 2008 to Dec. 2009, and collected 12 cases blood specimens from the health of volunteers in comparison. Real time quantity PCR was used to detect the expression of hsa-miR-155 in those specimens and analyzed clinical pathological with the expression of hsa-mir-155 in endometrial cancer. Results The expression of hsa-miR-155 was (3.9 ±0.7) in endometrial cancer, which was significantly higher than that in control group( P ＜ 0.01 ). The expressions of hsa-miR-155 were ( 3.7 ± 0.6 ), ( 3.9 ± 0.6 ) and ( 3.7 ±0.6)times in well, moderately and poorly differentiated endometrial cancer, respectively,while there were not significant difference ( P ＞ 0.05 ). The expressions were ( 3.8 ± 0.6 ) and ( 3.9 ± 0.6 ) times between endometrioid adenocarcinoma and non-endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and there were significant difference (P ＞ 0.05). The expressions were ( 2.1 ± 0.4 ) and ( 5.6 ± 0.8 ) times in stage Ⅰ - Ⅱ and Ⅲ - Ⅳ endometrial cancer, respectively, in which there were significant difference (P ＜ 0.05 ). The expressions of hsa-miR-155 were (5.5 ± 0.5 ) and ( 1.9 ± 0.2) times between lymph node metastasis and without lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer, in which there were significant difference (P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusion Hsa-miR-155 may play an important role in the proliferation, and metastasis of endometrial cancer, which may be a indicator in the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer and may be used as a predictive biomarker.

Objective To investigate the value of ISS in predicting mortality after multiple trauma.Methods A total of 550 patients with multiple trauma treated from March 2007 to May 2011 were divided into survivor group (n =473) and death group (n =77) according to the outcome.ISS and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ]) were used to predict patients' risk of death.Receiver operation characteristic curve (ROC) was developped to compare the area under the curve (AUC),optimal cut-off point,and prediction index for the two scoring systems.Results ISS and APACHE Ⅱ score were higher in death group than in survivor group (P ＜ 0.05).ISS showed the diagnostic cut-off point of ≥20,with a sensitivity of 76.7％,specificity of 83.7％,concordance rate of 82.7％,and AUC of 0.835.With regard to APACHE Ⅱ,the diagnostic cut-off point was ≥20,with a sensitivity of 80.5％,specificity of 89.2％,concordance rate of 88.0％,and AUC of 0.922.ISS and APACHE Ⅱ were equivalent in predicting mortality (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion ISS presents a moderate value for predicting the mortality of multiple trauma patients and it is more rational to set ISS≥20 points as the criteria for severe multiple trauma.

Objective To summarize the perioperative nursing of huge malignant lobulated breast tumor, so as to promote the recovery of patients. Methods A total of 11 patients with huge malignant lobulated breast tumor patients were selected, assessed the preoperative status,finished breast tumor site nursing, strengthen psychological nutritional assessment, the adjustment of the respiratory system for the operation, prevent falls. In addition to do a good job in general nursing and postoperative pain management, but should also focus on the observation of the chest wall flap, drainage tube care, to prevent bleeding and infection, etc. Results By implementing the nursing plan, 1 case of breathing difficulties preoperative patients with respiratory function improved, 1 case of refuse treatment of patients accepted surgical treatment after psychological intervention, 2 cases of postoperative patients with skin flap necrosis, local treatment, after compression bandage, 1 case of good recovery, 1 case of poor treatment effect for the wound recovered well after back surgery graft;1 case of patients with subcutaneous effusion, to adjust the drainage tube, suction fluid, after compression bandage, partial treatment, recovering well. Patients were good recovery, discharged smoothly. Conclusions By constantly sum up experience, through positive assessment of patients after preoperative mental and physical health and attaches importance to patients' skin flap, bleeding, pain, completes the drainage tube nursing and prevention of infection, can effectively promote the recovery of patients.

Objective To investigate the expression of miR-185 in breast cancer and its clinical significance.Methods miR-185 expression was detected in 132 cases of breast cancer and 51 cases of benign breast lesions.The correlations of miR-185 ex pression with the clinicopathologic characteristics,overall survival,and disease-free survival of breast cancer patients were analyzed.Results miR-185 was down-regulated in the breast cancer tissues relative to control tissues.The down expression levels of miR-185 cases were found to be significantly associated with tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage,local relapse,and distant metastasis (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions miR-185 was associated with carcinogenesis,progression,and prognosis of breast cancer and it might be used as a potential target of therapy and a biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer in the future.

Senna contains anthraquinones, flavonoids, polysaccharide and volatile oil and other chemical substances, which show the effect of diarrhea, antibacterial, hemostatic, regulating immune function and antioxidation. This article reviewed the Senna chemical composition, pharmacological effects, clinical application and new formulations of drug development, in order to provide reference for the research and clinical application of Senna.

The epidemic of rabies has rapidly increased and expanded in Yunnan province in recent years.In order to further analyze and understand the etiological reasons for the rapid expansion of rabies in Yunnan,a strain of rabies virus CYN1009D in Yunnan was isolated,and the complete genomic sequencing was carried out,and the bioimfomative analysis on genes/encoded proteins and phylogeny with reference to sequences in GenBank was performed.The complete genome of CYN1009D was 11923 nt in length and belonged to genotype I.The genes encoding different structural proteins were all conserved in their lengths,in comparison to other strains in China.The amino acid sequence was conserved at different antigen sites of NP,but the variation was detected at the secondary phosphorylation site of position 375; variations were also detected in the phosphorylation sites at positions 63-63 and 162 of PP; the sites playing important roles in virus synthesis,budding and viral morphology in MP were conserved; two glycosylation sites were detected at Asn37 and Asn319in GP,the neutralizing antigen sites in GP were conserved; the initial amino acid of LP (ML) was different from that of most of the strains in China (MM); the variations in G-L region in the intergenic region were significant.The phylogenic tree showed that CYN1009D has a closer genetic relationship to the strains in Southeast Asia,indicating that prevention and control on rabies in borderland areas should be reinforced meanwhile efforts are made to control rabies in China.