Objective To calculate and measure the depth and radius of the target vessel in the upper limb venous ultrasound image in order to contribute to automatic venipuncture.Methods Two methods of measuring the radius of veins in an ultrasonic vein cross section image were adopted.One method was to segment the vein based on the threshold selected after evaluation, and then scan the upper and lower edges of the vein to obtain the radius.The other method was based on Otsu method,which was to divide the vein and then morphologically process the binary image.The radius was calculated in a manner similar to the first method.After the radius was obtained, the depth of the vein was corrected in conjunction with the radius.Results The above two methods were tested on 500 upper limb venous ultrasound images.The accuracy rate of the first method was 93.0%, and that of the second method was 99.4%.Conclusion The method based on Otsu and morphological processing is more effective for radius measurement of veins in upper limb venous ultrasound image.

Objective To establish the determination method of total polyphenols in vitis amurensis seed extract.Methods Using gallic acid as reference substance,the content of total polyphenols in Vitis amurensis seed extract was determined by the optimum conditions of Folin-Ciocalteu chromatometry.Results There was a good linearity between gallic acid concentration and absorbance in the range 0.002-0.010 g?L-1(Y=86.243X+0.007,r=0.9996);the precision RSD was 0.14%;the stability RSD was 1.77%;the repeatability RSD was 1.44%;the average recovery rate was 102.00%(RSD=1.37%).Conclusion This method is simple,fast and has high sensitivity and good reproducibility.

Objective:To identify the signature of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subtypes that may affect cytokine expres-sion between different outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients by analyzing the CD molecular expression profiles of non-cancerous hepatic tissues. Methods:Surface markers of TIL in noncancerous hepatic tissues from 146 HCC patients were determined by using immunohistochemical method and flow cytometry. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier method were used to analyze the association of their expression levels with tumor recurrence and survival. Results:More than 86.4%of TILs in patients were quiescent, as measured via CD4+or Foxp3 expression. Meanwhile, more than 90%of CD3+T cells ex-pressed CD8+. The proportion of T cells was low compared with CD8+T cells. The proportion of CD19 and CD20 in distant nontumor tissues almost was zero. The proportion of T cell subgroups isolated from HCC circulating whole blood did not show a significant shift compared with the normal control, as follows:CD4+T/CD8+T=1.167 ± 1.04, CD8+T/CD3+T=0.288 ± 0.116, and CD4+T/CD3+T=0.429 ± 0.178. The proportion of CD8+T cells in noncancerous hepatic tissues was higher than that in blood (P<0.001).Conclusion:TILs in HCC noncancerous hepatic tissues are increased and contain a subpopulation of CD3+CD8+T cells. CD8+T cells in cancerous tissues, rather than noncancerous tissues, show significant differences between different prognostic groups.

Objective:To study preoperative MRI imaging and its enhanced mode on tumor features in predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The clinical data of patients with a solitary HCC who underwent MRI examination followed by surgical resection at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2017 to June 2019 were studied. The patients were divided into the MVI (+ ) and MVI (-) groups according to the findings on postoperative pathological diagnosis. The relationship between the rates of MVI and MRI tumor features including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) signal, enhancement mode, enhancement type and other imaging characteristics were analysed.Results:Of 84 patients with HCC enrolled into this study, there were 65 males and 19 females. Their age (Mean±SD) was (54.94±11.51) years. MVI (+ ) was found in 46 patients and MVI (-) in 38 patients. The maximum tumor diameters (Mean±SD) of the two groups were (7.08±3.45) cm and (4.28±2.47) cm ( P<0.01). Single-factor analysis and comparison of imaging characteristics of the two groups of patients showed tumor DWI signal, tumor encapsulation, enhancement mode, tumor edge smoothness, abnormal enhancement around tumors, and intratumoral arteries were significantly different ( P<0.05); There were no significant differences in T 1WI signals, T 2WI signals, tumor periphery, and enhancement types between groups. After inputting MVI(+ ) as a risk factor into the logistic regression model, tumor maximum diameters >6.33 cm, type 3/4 enhancement mode, and unsmoothness of tumor edge were independent risk factors (all P<0.05). Through combined diagnosis using ROC curve analysis with a cut-off value of 0.53, the area under the curve was 0.881, the sensitivity 0.870, specificity 0.789, and the Youden index 0.659. Conclusion:The multivariate logistic regression model and combined diagnosis using ROC curve analysis improved the diagnostic efficacy of MVI in its prediction of HCC on imaging studies. The risk predictors were easy to use and to promote in clinical practice.

Objective:To evaluate the radiation doses from head and chest CT examinations of children in Ningxia, and provide basic data for the optimization of CT radiation doses to children of different ages.Methods:By using stratified cluster sampling method , the dose parameters on head and chest CT scanning, CTDI vol and DLP for the children under 15 years old were sampled within 1-2 weeks from hospitals at different levels in different regions of Ningxia for the calculation of effective doses. The 75th percentile (P75) of CTDI vol and DLP was compared with those recommended by other countries. All children included four age groups: up to 1 year old, 1 to 5 years, 6 to 10 years, 11 to 15 years. Results:There were 39 hospitals and 47 CT scanners in this survey, and 1 134 head scanning and 636 chest scanning were investigating. The 75th percentile (P75) of CTDI vol and DLP for head scanning were 44.2 mGy and 456.2 mGy·cm for those up to 1 year old; 57.2 mGy and 659.6 mGy·cm for 1 to 5 years old, 61.1 mGy and 668.7 mGy·cm for 6-10 years old, and 63.6 mGy and 849.3 mGy·cm for 11-15 years old, respectively. The 75th percentile (P75) of CTDI vol and DLP for chest scanning were 5.0 mGy and 89.2 mGy·cm for those up to 1 year old, 5.9 mGy and 124.8 mGy·cm for 1 to 5 years old, 6.0 mGy and 167.9 mGy·cm for 6 to 10 years, and 7.1 mGy and 235.0 mGy·cm for 11 to 15 years old, respectively. Conclusions:The chest CT radiation dose to children in Ningxia is close to the reported values, but the head CT radiation dose is relatively high in all age groups, especially in infants. The optimization and regulation of head CT radiation doses to children in Ningxia should be strengthened. It is high time to increase dose awareness for pediatricians and radiologists and raise awareness of radiation-related risks.

Objective: To investigate the current status of CT radiation dose to adults in Ningxia, and provide basic data for developing the first diagnostic reference level of adults from CT scanning. Methods: Stratified cluster sampling method was used to investigate the in-service status of CT scanners with various brands and different models in different grades of hospital in Ningxia. Interval sampling method was used to obtain everyday′s scanning parameters and radiation dose values from different types of scanning examinations in surveyed hostipitals. Basic information was collected include hospitals, CT scanner, scanning types and patients. CT scanning parameters, CTDI_vol and DLP values were recorded, with effective dose values calculated. The data were statistically analyzed by examination types and comparation was made with the DRL values recommended by other countries. Results: Finally, there were 45 medical institutions in this study, including 10 public tertiary A hospitals, 5 public tertiary B hospitals, 23 public secondary A hospitals, 5 private hospitals and 2 physical examination centers. 58 CT scanners from 6 manufacturers and 4 952 adult patients were investigated. The 75th percentile (P₇₅) of CTDI_vol, DLP, and E values of common scanning examinations were listed as follows: 65.67 mGy, 860.74 mGy·cm, and 1.64 mSv in skull scanning; 29.32 mGy, 490.00 mGy·cm, and 2.83 mSv in neck scanning; 36.92 mGy, 954.42 mGy·cm, and 4.87 mSv in neck enhanced scanning; 11.50 mGy, 382.06 mGy·cm , and 5.68 mSv in chest scanning; 45.80 mGy, 1 713.22 mGy·cm, and 25.01 mSv in chest enhanced scanning; 20.10 mGy, 506.59 mGy·cm, and 7.75 mSv in upper abdominal scanning; 50.07 mGy, 1 434.19 mGy·cm, and 21.94 mSv in upper abdominal enhanced scanning; 14.33 mGy, 670.78 mGy·cm, and 10.26 mSv in abdominal-pelvic scanning; 48.00 mGy, 2 294.00 mGy·cm, and 35.10 mSv in abdominal-pelvic enhanced scanning; 16.10 mGy, 471.58 mGy·cm, and 6.08 mSv in pelvic scanning; 31.04 mGy, 1 138.78 mGy·cm, and 14.69 mSv in pelvic enhanced scanning. Conclusions The CT scanning radiation doses to skull, neck, chest and pelvis in Ningxia are slightly lower than, or similar to, in other countries, but the abdominal scanning dose is significantly higher than that in other countries. It is necessary to optimize the abdominal CT scanning protocol.