Objective To study the content difference of naringin in Fructus Aurantii Immaturus of different specifications.Methods HPLC was performed on the Merck- Lichrospher RP-C18(4.6 mm? 250 mm, 5 ? m) with temperature of 35 ℃ .The chromatographic conditions for naringin:the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.3 % Phosphoric acid(20 ∶ 80), at the flow rate of 1 mL/min, and the detection wavelength at 283 nm. Results The content of naringin increased with the diameter of Fructus Aurantii Immature slices.Conclusion It is suggested that there exists significant differences in intrinsic quality among Fructus Aurantii Immaturus of different specifications.

Objective To analysis the effect of compound betamethasone injection combined with radiation on keloid in frontal facial region. Methods 60 cases of keloid patients in zhejiangprovincial people's hospital from January 2014 to January 2016 were selected,all patients were treated with surgery,the patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group,30 cases in each group,radiotherapy was used in the control group,the observation group was treated with local injection of compound betamethasone on the basis of the control group,the therapeutic effects, pain scores, adverse reactions and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The recurrence rate of the observation group was 3.33% which was significantly lower than that of the control group 10%,the improvement rate of the observation group 93.33% was significantly higher than the control group 80%,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).one,two and three months after operation,the pain scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at the same time point,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The adverse reaction rate was 6.66% (2/30) in the observation group and 23.33% (7/30) in the control group, there was no significant difference between the two groups.The incidences of skin sag, pigmentation, incision delayed union and telangiectasia in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Compound betamethasone injection combined with radiation on the frontal facial keloid patients with significant effect,can significantly reduce the recurrence rate,improve the rate of improvement,reduce pain and complications in patients.

Objective To optimize the extraction process of neohesperidin in Fructus Aurantii Immaturus.Methods The optimum proess was investigated by L9(34) orthogonal design with the content of neohesperidin as the observation index.Results Extraction times were the main factors for neohesperidin extraction.The optimal process condition was as follows:adding 6-fold 70 %ethanol,extracting for 3 times,one hour for each extraction.Conclusion The optimal extraction technology of neohesperidin in Fructus Aurantii Immaturus is stable and reliable.

Objective To examine the difference in the effectiveness between proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) and femoral head replacement (FHR) of intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients.Methods This study collected 69 patients that underwent PFNA or FHR after intertrochanteric fractures between June 2012 and September 2014.PFNA group was composed of 41 subjects (17 males and 24 females) aged 80-101 years (mean,86.7 years),and time from injury to operation was (3.12 ± 0.95)days.FHR group was composed of 28 subjects (13 males and 15 females) aged 80-99 years (mean,87.2 years),and time from injury to operation was (3.2 ± 1.0) days.Comparison of operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative blood transfusion,off-bed time,complication incidence,hemoglobin concentration and hip function was made between groups.Results Duration of follow-up was 1-3 years (mean,1.8 years).Operation time and intraoperative blood loss in PFNA group were (46.8 ± 4.4) minutes and (77.0 ± 24.2) ml respectively,differed from (57.4 ± 5.9) minutes and (150.7 ± 46.5) ml in FHR group (P ＜ 0.05).Three days after operation,a similar decrease in hemoglobin concentration was seen in PFNA group [(21.3 ±6.1)g/L] and FHR group [(23.2 ±5.8)g/L] (P ＞ 0.05).Off-bed time in FHR group was (3.2 ± 1.2) days,shorter than (7.1-± 2.5) days in PFNA group (P ＜ 0.05).Incidence of postoperative complications in FHR group was 14％,lower than 37％ in PFNA group (P ＜ 0.05).Hip function of the two groups presented no significant difference six months after operation,but the proportion of excellent results in FHR group was higher than that in PFNA group (82％ vs.73％) (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion FHR provides better results over PFNA regarding off-bed time,complication incidence and hip function,and hence is preferred for the treatment of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures,especially in those with severe osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Endothelin(ET) -1 is a peptide with potent actions on blood vessels and nerve system. Its expression increases in the central nervous system(CNS) in a variety of pathological conditions, inducing harmful effects on the nervous tissue. However it is not clearly elucidated whether the over-expressed ET-1 can directly induce neuronal apoptosis.OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ET-1 can directly induce apoptosis in primarily cultured brain neurons of rat, and which ET receptor subtype(s) is involved in this action.DESIGN: Completely randomized and controlled experimental study based on cells.SETTING: Neurological department in a university hospital, pathological department of a university and laboratory center of tissue transplantation and immunology, life science and technology college.MATERIALS: This study was completed in the Pathology Department, the Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, the Life Science and Technology College of Jinan University. The subjects were primarily-cultured neurons obtained from cerebral cortex of newborn rats that were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of the Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University.INTERVENTIONS: After culturing for five days, the neurons were treated with ET-1 (0. 2 nmol/L and 20 nmol/L) for 24 hours. Apoptotic neurons were semi-quantitatively measured with Annexin V and Hoechst 33258 staining respectively. ET-1(20 nmol/L), with BQ123(a selective antagonist for ET receptor A, 1 mmol/L) or with BQ788(a selective antagonist for ET receptor B, 1 mmol/L), was added respectively into the cultures simultaneously. And the apoptotic neurons were quantitatively measured with flow cytometry 24 hours later. Equal amount of PBS, instead of ET-1, waw added into the control subjects.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of ET-1 on apoptosis rate of cultured rat cortical neurons, and the ET receptor subtypes involved in this action.RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after treated with 0.2 nmol/L ET-1, the Annexin-V, and Hoechest 33258 positive stained cell rates[ (23.00 ± 9.96)%,(9.82 ±0.95)% ] were of no difference as compared with those of the controls[ (13.50 ± 3.35)%, (8.21 ± 2. 17)% ]. By contrast, after incubation with the higher dose of ET-1 (20 nmol/L), significant higher rate of apoptosis was measured in Annexin V staining[(50.50 ± 10.78)%, P=0.01, n=4] and Hoechest 33258 staining[(13.78±1.52)%, P= 0. 000, n = 8] . Analyzed with flow cytometry, the apoptosis rate was (0.20±0. 15)% in the control group, (26. 11 ±3.28)% in 20 nmol/LET-1 group, and(13.58 ±4. 92)% in BQ123 +ET-1 and(9.99 ±3.30)% in BQ788 +ET-1 respectively, indicating that BQ123 and BQ788 partially-blocked the apoptosis effect of ET-1 on. cultured neurons(BQ123 + ET-1 vs ET-1, P = 0. 005; BQ788 + ET-1 vs ET-1, P = 0. 001, n = 4, respectively).CONCLUSION: The higher dose of ET-1 (20 nmol/L) can directly induce apoptosis of primarily-cultured cerebral neurons of rats. The effect of ET-1 inducing neuronal apoptosis may be mediated via both ET receptors A and B.

Objective To illustrate and analyze the clinical feature and treatment of botulism introduced by illegal injection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT),in order to provide some evidence for early diagnosis and treatment strategy.Methods Retrospective analysis of 13 botulism patients was performed in this article.All of the patients were suffered from illegal injection of botulinum neurotox in products.Support treatments were carried out according to their severe grade,and the courses of disease and the curative effects were observed.Results A new category was first identified as injection induced botulism to describe such a situation of cosmetic injection out of the hospital with neither the prescribed botulinum toxin product nor a doctor.One in 13 patients graded mild botulism,the other 12 patients graded middle level.The processes of the new botulism had 4 stages:preclinical stage (4 days),progressive stage (9.8 days),apical stage (9.1 days) and restoration stage (5.2 months).The relationships of a positive correlation in injection dose and the length of progressive stage were identified,while a negative correlation with the length of preclinical stage was revealed.Conclusions The earlier2-3 weeks after illegal injection are crucial for intense care because of the acceleration in this period.Absolute rest and active treatments as well as antitoxinum are benefit for the recovery of patients.

Objective:To summarize the experience of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) in the treatment of bladder cancer secondary to renal transplantation.Methods:The clinical data of 5 patients who underwent BCG bladder irrigation after secondary bladder cancer after kidney transplantation in Tianjin First Central Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019 were analyzed. There were 1 male and 4 female cases. During the period of immunosuppression after transplantation, 1 case developed secondary high-level non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), 3 cases developed secondary low-grade NMIBC, and 1 case developed secondary glandular cystitis (4 cases). The mean age of the 5 patients with secondary bladder cancer was 59.7±4.0 years. Case one with high level NMIBC was treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and postoperative irrigation of epirubicin. Case 3 and 5 with low-level NMIBC accepted regular postoperative irrigation of gemcitabine. No irrigative therapy was performed in case 2. Bladder cancer recurred in case 1, 2, 3 and 5 after 20.1±9.7 months. TURBT was observed in all the 4 patients, among which 3 were of high grade NMIBC and 1 was of low grade NMIBC. Four patients were irrigated with BCG 2 weeks after operation. Postoperative pathology indicated low-level NMIBC in case 4, and BCG was irrigated 2 weeks after the operation. During perfusion therapy, immunosuppressive agents were continued.Results:During BCG perfusion, 4 of the 5 cases showed BCG related local inflammation, among which 2 cases presented symptoms of bladder irritation, 1 case presented hematuria, and 1 case presented hematuria with low fever. Patients with frequent urination, pain in urine, hematuria and other symptoms improved after drinking plenty of water, taking bed rest and taking levofloxacin (0.5g/ day ×7 days). Patients with low fever were treated with antipyretic treatment. No antituberculous agents were used prophylactically during BCG perfusion. There were no symptoms of tuberculosis infection or sepsis. The function of transplantated kidney was normal and no tendency of rejection. The 5 patients were followed up for 7-24 months, 1 patient was lost to follow-up after 7 months of BCG bladder perfusion, and no tumor recurrence or metastasis was found in 5 patients during the follow-up.Conclusions:The use of immunosuppressive agents does not reduce the biological activity of BCG, and BCG does not increase the risk of systemic toxicity or affect the function of transplanted kidneys in immunocompromised patients. BCG is a treatment option for bladder cancer secondary to renal transplantation.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of vagus nerve preserving pericardial devascularization plus subtotal splenectomy in treating portal hypertension with a history of variceal bleeding.Methods The clinical data of 33 cases of portal hypertension with variceal hemorrhage treated with vagus nerve preserving selective pericardial devascularization plus subtotal splenectomy from April 2004 to December 2013 (study group) were compared with that of 34 cases treated with pericardial devascularization plus splenectomy (control group).Results There was no mortality in two groups.The postoperative gastric drainage during the first 72 h were(1 525 ±30) ml in the study group and (2 130 ±40) ml in control group(P ＜0.05).Portal vein thrombosis developed in one case in the study group and 15 cases in the control group(P ＜ 0.05).Postoperative 3-year recurrent gastroesophageal varices hemorrhage was 15％ in the study group and 25％ in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Postoperative 5-year variceal hemorrhage recurrence rate were 28％ in the study group and 30％ in the control group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Maitaining vagus nerve selective pericardial devascularization plus subtotal splenectomy is of less postoperative complication and lower portal vein thrombosis rate and better patients' survival compared with pericardial devascularizatim plus total splenectomy.

Objective To establish a distraction osteogenesis SD rat model for exploring the effect of total flavonoids from Rhizoma Drynariae on the quality of rat bone formation in the process of distraction osteogenesis from the perspective of tomography.Methods Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into experimental group and control group after successful modeling,and were respectively given intragastric administration with total flavonoids from Rhizoma Drynariae(in dose of 77.125 mg/kg) and saline for 8 weeks.Seven days after operation,the tibias of all the rats were given distraction at the speed of 0.2 mm for 20 days.Eight weeks after the operation,X-ray examination for all the rats was performed,and then the rats were killed for obtaining the tibia samples for Micro-CT scanning.The differences of X-ray Lane-Sandhu scores,the bone mineral density and bone mineral content were compared between the two groups.Results The X-ray Lane-Sandhu scores,the bone mineral density and bone mineral contents showed by Micro-CT scanning in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The total flavonoids from Rhizoma Drynariae can improve the quality of bone formation in the process of distraction osteogenesis in rats.

Cancer immunotherapy has rapidly become the fourth mainstream treatment alternative after surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy,with some promising results.It aims to kill tumor cells by mobilizing or stimulating cytotoxic immune cells.However,the clinical applications of tumor immunotherapies are limited owing to a lack of adequate delivery pathways and high toxicity.Recently,nanomaterials and genetic engineering have shown great potential in overcoming these limitations by protecting the delivery of antigens,activating targeted T cells,modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,and improving the treatment efficacy.Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)is a live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis,which was first reported to have antitumor activity in 1927.BCG therapy can activate the immune system by inducing various cytokines and chemokines,and its specific immune and inflammatory responses exert antitumor effects.BCG was first used during the 1970s as an intravesical treatment agent for bladder cancer,which effectively improved immune antitumor activity and prevented tumor recurrence.More recently,nano-BCG and genetically engineered BCG have been proposed as treatment alternatives for bladder cancer due to their ability to induce stronger and more stable immune responses.In this study,we outline the development of nano-BCG and genetically engineered BCG for bladder cancer immunotherapy and review their potential and associated challenges.