Objective To provide strong evidence for sterilization standardization by comparing the results of bacteria culture after conjunctiva sac irrigation by gentamicin and povidone-iodine (PVI) and analyzing the sterilization effect of these two common disinfectant.Methods Six randomized control trials comparing the sterilization effect between gentamicin and PVI in conjunctiva sac irrigation were retrieved through the following databases:Pubmed,Embase,Cochrane Library,WANFANG DATA,CNKI and VIP database.Relative Risk (RR) was set as the effect indexes to evaluating the conjunctiva sac bacterial-culture results before and after irritation.The data of these articles were processed with Meta analysis by random model.The side effects of both dilutions were also compared using the descriptive analysis.Results Before irrigation,bacteria in the sac were mostly gram-positive coccus,among which Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were most common.The detection rate of these two bacteria were 30.5％ (226/740) and 2.4％ (18/740),and the constituent ratio were 65.5％ and 5.2％ respectively.After irrigation,the number of the bacteria was decreased dramatically,but could not be totally eliminated.There was no significant difference in sterilization effect between gentamicin and PVI after conjunctiva sac irrigation.The weighted average value of RR was 0.51 with 95％ confidence interval (CI) in (0.25,1.06),P =0.07.Comparing to gentamicin,PVI was less comfortable after conjunctiva sac irrigation,but when the concentration was regulated,it would be acceptable by patients and didn't affect surgeries.Conclusions There was no significant difference in sterilization effect between gentamicin and PVI in conjunctiva sac irrigation.The side effect of PVI was minor in low concentration.PVI is more specific to the bacteria species than gentamicin.Using PVI was recommended in preoperation sterilization.

Objective To observe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effect of aphakic retinal detachment (ARD) eyes and pseudophakic retinal detachment (PPRD) eyes.Methods The clinical data of 805 patients,including 321 ARD and 484 PPRD eyes were retrospectively analyzed.The patients'visiual acuity,refraction,intraocular pressure were examined,and the patients also underwent slit-lamp microscopy and direct and (or) indirect ophthalmoscopy.The preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was between light perception (LP) and 0.6.Mainly according to the PVR grade and retinal holes position to take the scleral buckling or vitrectomy combined with scleral buckling.The 805 eyes were divided into 1995-1999 group (243 eyes) and 2000-2007 group (562 eyes) according to operative time.The follow-up ranged from 3 to 25 months,with an average of 12.3 months.The success standard of surgery was set as anatomic retinal reattachment and the last follow-up time was considered as the judgment time.The surgical complications were recorded at each follow-up time points.The composition of PPRD,the visual acuity,ocular lesions,surgical methods and results before operation and visual acuity after operation in two groups were analyzed and compared by Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test.Results The average interval from lens extraction to RD occurrence was 15.4 months in PPRD eyes and 39.1 months in ARD eyes.The final total anatomic success rate was 95.9%,and was 93.5% in the scleral buckle eyes and 97.2% in vitrectomy eyes.The BCVA was better than 0.3 after operation only in 11.9% of the 805 patiens,and the visual acuity increased more than 2 lines in 67.3%.Compared with the ARD eyes,early onset,high proportion of total posterior vitreous detachment,severe PVR,wide RD range,low detection rate of retinal hole and low antomic success rate were found in PPRD eyes.Compared with the 1995-1999 group,the proportion of vitreous surgery,anatomic success rate and better visual acuity were found in 2000-2007 group.Conclusions The ocular lesions of ARD and PPRD is more complicated,the therapeutic effect are improving in recent years.

Objective To assess the vision-related quality of life(VRQL) in patients with age-related maculopathy (AMD) and the related factors in Shanghai. Methods The VRQL of 105 patiens with AMD and 105 without (the control group) in Shanghai was investigated via Chinese-version low vision quality of life questionnaire. Resutls The Cronbach ? coefficient of the questionnaire is 0.97 in the patients with AMD, whose scores of the various quality of life were significantly lower than those in the control group. The more the exudative defect happened, or the longer the disease course developed, the lower the sccores were. All the scores of the scales and the total questionnaire were significantly related to the better or worse monocular visual acuity. The better monocular visual acuity was the first independent risk factor affecting all aspects of VRQL in pateints with AMD. Conclusions Decreased visual acutiy may gradually impair the VRQL in patients with AMD. Chinese-version questionnaire of low vision quality of life can provide the general information of the VRQL in patients with AMD.

Objective To investigate the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) of patients with monocular rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) before and after relative surgery, and analyze its influencing factors. Methods A total of 92 patients with monocular RRD were asked to complete the Chinese-version low vision quality of life questionnaire (CLVQOL) preoperatively and at the end of the follow-up time. Results The Cronbach ? coefficient of the questionnaire was more than 0.7. The lowest scores were at the item of "adjustive ability" before the surgery, and the scores of the questionnaires were significantly higher at the end of the follow-up time. The item whose score changed most caused by the surgery was "adjustive ability". The visual acuity in RRD eyes before the operation and the changes of the visual acuity was the chief independent risk factor of the questionnaire score before surgery and the changes of scores due to surgery, respectively. Conclusions CLVQOL can be used to assess the VRQoL of patients with monocular RRD after surgery. The qualities of life of patients with monocular RRD decrease sharply. VRQoL, especially the adjustive ability, improves obviously after operation, but the patient would be inconvenient for doing some precision work or daily house work. Improving the visual acuity of the RRD eye, giving early surgery and avoiding complications help to improve the VRQoL of the patients with monocular RRD.

Objective To investigate the incidence and the correlative factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)who lives in Beixinjing blocks, Shanghai. Methods Residents with DM were enrolled according to resident health archives. The data of disease history, visual acuity, eye disease and introcular pressure were collected by inquiry and examination. Photography of ocular fundus was used to confirm the diagnosis of DR. Results A total of 535 residents excepted the examination with the participating rate of 90.68%, in whom 146 (27.29%) were identified as with DR. The incidence of single and proliferative DR was 22.29% and 4.30%, respectively. Duration of DM was the independent risk factor of DR, while long duration of DM, accompanied with peripheral neuropathy and body mass index was the in-order independent factor of proliferative DR. Conclusions The incidence of DR is high in residents with DM. Monitoring DR progress in DM residents with risk factors is recommended.

Background Measurement of corneal thickness is important for the early diagnosis and treatment of some eye disorders,including corneal diseases and refractive errors.However,the corneal parameters from schoolage population are rarely reported.Objective The aim of this survey was to characterize the central corneal thickness (CCT),minimum corneal thickness (MCT) and paracentral corneal thickness in healthy Chinese schoolage population.Methods A cross-sectional study was designed in this study.Children aged 7 to 15 years with the diopter of-3.00 D to +3.00 D were recruited from two primary schools in Baoshan district in Shanghai based on random cluster sampling under the approval of Shanghai First People's Hospital and informed consent of child custodian.Routine examinations were firstly performed to determine the healthy participants.CCT (within 2 mm range away the corneal vertex),MCT and paracentral corneal thicknesses (2 to 5 mm zone away the cornea vertex in superior,inferior,nasal and temporal quadrants) were then measured by RTVue Fourier optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the comparison between both eyes and different gender.The subjects were grouped into the 7-9,10-12 and 13-15 years groups,and the correlations between age and CCT,MCT and paracental corneal thicknesses were analyzed.The coordinate position of the thinnest cornea was determined.Results A total of 147 children were enrolled in the study.The mean CCT value of the right eyes was (537.77±29.33) μm,and that of the left eyes was (539.22±29.16) μm,showing a significant difference between them (t =-3.21,P =0.00).The paracentral corneal thicknesses of the right and left eyes were (565.52±30.11) μm and (568.42±31.07) pm in the superior quadrant,and those in the temporal quadrant were (549.01 ±30.46) μm and (547.24±30.23) μm,with significant differences between them (t =-2.47,P =0.01 ; t =2.12,P =0.04).No significant difference was found in the CCT,MCT,paracentral corneal thicknesses from various quadrants (all at P＞0.05).In addition,no considerably correlation was seen between age and CCT,MCT and paracentral corneal thickness (all at P＞0.05).The thinnest cornea area was located in the inferotemporal region in 40.82％ right eyes and 57.82％ left eyes.The distance of thinnest cornea area away corneal vertex was (0.62±0.33)mm in the right eyes and (0.91±0.63)mm in the left eyes,with a significant difference between them (t =-5.17,P =0.00).Conclusions The central,superior and temporal corneal thicknesses are significantly different between the right and the left eyes among healthy Chinese school-age children,but corneal thickness change is not associated with age or gender.The thinnest corneal area does not locate at the vertex.

Background Epidemiologieal survey suggests that visual impairment in teenagers is a worldwide public health problem,and its leading cause is uncorrected refractive error.To conduct an extensive screening of visual impairment in teenagers and analyze the relevant affecting factors are significant works for the prevention and management of refractive errors.But high-quality epidemiological data on visual impairment and refractive error from large groups of children are lacking in Shanghai.Objective This study was to investigate the prevalence of ametropia and visual impairment in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years old.Methods In this cross-sectional study,4 686 students from 6 elementary schools in Baoshan District of Shanghai,a rural-urban fringe zone,China were selected by clustering sampling from May 2010 to April 2011.The eye examinations included visual acuity,ocular surface,ocular anterior segment,ocular media,fundus and intraocular pressure measurement,and the data autorefraction under cycloplegia and eye position were recorded.The cause of visual impairment was evaluated.Results A total of 4 594 students received examination with the response rate 98.0％,and autorefraction under cycloplegia was completed in 84.8％ schoolchildren (3 975/4 594).The prevalence rate of uncorrected visual acuity 0.5 or worse in both eyes was 14.4％ (662/4 594),with the wearing glasses rate 51.8％ (343/662).The percentage of students with the uncorrected visual acuity 0.5 or worse in at least one eye was 22.4％ (1 031/4 594).The prevalence rate of refractive error in the visual impaired students was 96.9％ (999/1 031),followed by amblyopia (37/1 031,3.6％).The prevalence rate of myopia,hyperopia,and astigmatic in the pupils after cycloplegia was 31.1％,4.3 ％ and 33.0％,respectively.In addition,the prevalence rate of myopia in public elementary schools was higher than that in migrant elementary schools (33.9％ versus 30.3％) (x2 =5.46,P =0.02).Logistic regression analysis showed that myopia was associated with age (OR =1.60,95 ％ CI:1.53-1.68,P ＜ 0.01) and female (OR =1.33,95％ CI:1.16-1.54,P＜0.01).Conclusions The leading cause of vision impairment is myopia in the elementary school students in Shanghai,China.The screening-ratio of refractive error and the coverage of refractive correction in the elementary school students in Shanghai are matters of urgent concern.

Objective To investigate the treatment and mechanism of aminoguanidine in retina of diabetic of rats .Methods To-tal 60 rats were divided into control group(n=20) ,diabetic group(n=20) and aminoguanidine treatment group(n=20)which would be treated by aminoguanidine for 14 days .Then the eye tissue of rats were took after 14 days administration for pathological obser-vation(HE staining) ,and the induced nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) ,endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) ,nerve type of nitric ox-ide synthase(nNOS) level and the expression of differences content and expression were investigated by ELISA ,Western blot and PT-PCR .Results HE staining showed that retinal tissue defects decreased and neuronal cells of rats in aminoguanidine treatment group were increased and significant (P<0 .05) compared rats in diabetic group .The iNOS content and expression of rats in amin-oguanidine treatment group were lower than diabetic group by ELISA ,Western blot and PT-PCR ,it was significantly difference (P<0 .05) and without significant difference between the normal group and diabetic group (P> 0 .05) .Compared with diabetes group ,iNOS ,eNOS ,nNOS protein expression in the rat retina in aminoguanidine treatment group were reduced (P< 0 .05) ,and without significant difference between the normal group and aminoguanidine treatment group (P>0 .05) .The iNOS mRNA expres-sion was lower than that of eNOS mRNA and nNOS mRNA in aminoguanidine treatment group .Conclusion Aminoguanidine can improve retinal tissue of diabetic rats with lesions ,the pathways may be selectively inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase activity of iNOS .

BACKGROUND:B-lymphocytes are an important participant in the immunity system. Currently, magnetic beads and complement methods are mainly used to isolate and purify B-lymphocytes. However, these methods are costly or cause large cel damage and low purity, which need further improvement. OBJECTIVE: To explore the isolation and culture methods of B-lymphocytes from mouse spleen and to study suitable conditions for B-lymphocyte isolation and culture in vitro by using interleukin-4, lipopolysaccharide, CD3 monoclonal antibody or their combination. METHODS:B-lymphocytes from mouse spleen were isolated and randomly divided into seven groups, respectively treated with interleukin-4, CD3 monoclonal antibody, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-4+CD3, interleukin-4+lipopolysaccharide, CD3+lipopolysaccharide, and no stimulation (control group). Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes in the number and proportion of T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and their subpopulations under different culture conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of lymphocytes peaked at 3-5 days after addition of interleukin-4. In the lipopolysaccharide group, the number of lymphocytes began to increase at 3 days, and then peaked at 5 days. T-lymphocytes disappeared after addition of CD3 monoclonal antibody, so relatively pure B-lymphocytes could be obtained after 2 days and the number of B-lymphocytes reached the peak at 3 days. The number of mature B-lymphocytes (B220+IgD+) increased significantly after addition of CD3 antibody. In al the conditions we tested, transitional B cel subset (B220+CD93+) disappeared completely after 24 hours of culture. Experimental results indicate that after addition of CD3 monoclonal antibody and interleukin-4, T-lymphocytes can be removed in mouse spleen cels cultured, but mature B-lymphocytes remain to survive and proliferate.

0.05). Conclusions In comparison with mammography,PET/CT has a higher degree of sensitivity and specificily in detecting breast cancer,and higher positive predictive value.PET/CT can provide more aspects of in vivo diagnostic information which may be useful in selecting therapeutic strategy and may supplement the inadequacies of mammography.