OBJECTIVE: To investigate the injury patterns and risk factors of motorcycle crashes.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search was undertaken to identify English articles about motorcycle crashes published from January 1980 to December 2005 in Medline database and from January 1995 to December 2005 in EMCC database, the keywords were "motorcycle,crash, injury, traffic accident". Meanwhile, a manual search of relevant journals and monographs was performed for the articles and data published in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: Based on the principles of reliability, advancement and efficiency, the data were primarily examined, and the original articles in this research field were selected to look up the full-texts. The repetitive studies and reviews were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 87 articles were collected about the incidence, mechanism and protective methods of motorcycle crashes and motorcycle injuries, 36 of them were excluded, and finally 51 were enrolled.DATA SYNTHESIS: The most important variable affecting mortality in motorcycle crashes is head injury. Wearing a helmet should continue to be compulsory, as this single measure can help to reduce the mortality in motorcyclists. Thoracic and abdominal trauma as well as pelvic ring fractures associated with long bone injuries appears to be the secondary factors contributing to reduced survival. The injured motorcyclists were predominant young, novice inexperienced riders and male. A fatal outcome was more likely to be associated with a larger engine capacity motorcycle, collision with a heavy vehicle, head on collision, and collision at a non-junction road. Alcohol and excessive speed were common factors associated with motorcyclist crash involvement.CONCLUSION: Motorcycle crashes are an increasing public health problem in the present world. A thorough understanding of the injury patterns and risk factors in motorcyclists may improve the initial assessment and management of these patients and reduce the risk of inflicting further iatrogenic complications. Renewed and strengthened prevention efforts are warranted. A stricter enforcement of helmet laws would be effective to increase compliance with active protection devices. Stricter law enforcement also should be carried out to prevent alcohol-related accidents. It is hoped that these results will ultimately be used in concert with that from other researchers focusing on preventative devices to reduce the incidence of motorcycle crashes and still others examining specific therapies to address the type and nature of the motorcycle injury.

Objective To investigate the expressions of enhancer of zeste(EZH2) in carcinoma of esophagus and its potential significance. Methods The expression and distribution of EZH2 were determined on the esophageal squamous carcinoma,adenocarcinoma by using immunohistochemistry.We then detected EZH2 protein expression in the esophageal squamous carcinoma, paracarcinomatous and normal tissues by Western blotting.Results The immunohistochemical staining showed EZH2 protein was highly expressed in esophageal squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma tissues.The positive staining was observed in the nuclear region.Normal tissues and corresponding paracarcinomatous tissues were stained weakly.Western blotting analysis showed that the strongest positive signals were detected in the esophageal squamous carcinoma(P

Objective To explore the health of the thermal power plant worker in the noise,under the dust environment.Methods The oecupatiorml health inspection to the workers was carried.Results In 90 workers,41 were unusual,the detection rate is 45.6%.And the loss of hearing 11 people,the detection rate is 14.3%,other unusual 32 people,the detection rate is 35.6%.Conclusion We sheuld strengthen to the noise nuisance control,uses the effective protection of hearing measure,prevents occupational disease.

Human DAB2 interaction protein (DAB2IP) is a novel member of Ras GTPase-activating protein family. It interacts directly with disabled-2 protein (DAB2/DOC2) which suppresses growth of cancers derived from different tissues, including mammary, prostate and ovarian cancers. DAB2IP was identified as an immediate downstream effector mediated by DAB2/DOC2. DAB2IP and DAB2/DOC2 form a unique protein complex that has a negative regulatory effect on the Ras-mediated signal pathway. It is demonstrated that DAB2IP is a tumor suppressor gene inactivated by methylation in several cancers. This article reviews the structure and biological functions of DAB2IP gene as well as its potential roles in carcinogenesis and evolution.

Bone and soft tissue bleeding often results in substantial amounts of blood loss during the total knee arthroplasty(TKA). Multiple studies have reported that cumulative blood loss varies from 500 to 1500 mL in primary settings. Increased perioperative blood loss frequently requires allogeneic blood transfusions to improve the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. However,allogeneic transfusion is associated with risks of immunosuppression,transfusion reactions,graft versus host disease,and transmission of infec-tions. To avoid these problems and reduce costs of transfusion,multiple intraoperative pharmacotherapeutic strategies have been developed. The various pharmacotherapeutic agents currently used include tranexamic acid,epsilon-aminocaproic acid,fibrin,thrombin,lavage with epinephrine,and norepinephrine. However, the relative efficacy and the cost-effectiveness of these agents may vary. Thus,the purpose of this study was to provide a brief overview of the relative efficacy of various intraoperative pharmacological methods cur-rently in use for decreasing blood loss following TKA and describe their potential complications associated with their application.

China faces opportunities and challenges as well when it participates in global environment and health governance. Major opportunities are as follows:(1) The convergence between global environment and health governance’s future trend and China’s environment and health strategies is a strongest incentive to push China to par-ticipate in global environment and health governance;(2) China can benefit from this participation in term of more access to international resources; ( 3 ) Global environmental and health issues are the areas that can best illustrate China’s international image as a responsible member; ( 4 ) Since global environmental and health governance is still young, early participation will give China a louder voice in its decision-making. The challenges that China faces are as follows:(1) Huge pressure from domestic environment and health challenges forces China to be primarily inward-looking and makes it very hard for the country to keep a high profile in global environment and health governance. China also faces the increasing international pressure. ( 2 ) The lack of global environment and health governance strategy prevents China from effectively participating in global environment and health governance. (3)“The Grand Health Outlook”hasn’t been fully established yet in China, leaving much room for improvement. (4) Intellectual sup-port is inadequate. (5) Some countries have too high expectations of China in terms of its contribution to global envi-ronmental and health governance. In order to effectively participate in this field, China should undertake coordinated planning on both the international and domestic scenes, and take some specific policies both at national and interna-tional level.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of imaging diagnisis of congenital pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia in children.Methods:The 13 cases of congenital pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia were veritfied by bronchcscopy and operation or pathology the characteristics of the X-ray,CT and bronchography were analysed.Results:the X-ray features included:(1)capacity decreased and density increased of diseased lung;(2)small hilar pulmonis;(3)mediastinum shifted to the affected side.Conclusion:Radiography is a good procedure in diagnosis of the most cases of congenital pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia.

Objective To evaluate surgical performance of reconstruction of the cistern magna for the treatment of Chiari Ⅰ malformation associated with syringomyelia.Methods Suboccipital craniotomy and laminectomy of C1 segment were performed.The superior edge of bone window was limited to the inferior nuchal line.The dura mater and arachnoid were opened Y-shaped.The cerebellar tonsils were removed by electrocoagulation or subpially.A communication of cerebrospinal fluid between the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space was achieved.The pseduomembrane,which is a very thin membrane over the opening of the central canal,should be cut away,with fascia grafting.Then a new enlarged cistern magna was established.Results The procedure was successfully completed in all the 36 patients with Chiari Ⅰ malformation and syringomyelia.The pseduomembrane was found in 30 patients.Postoperative follow-up checkups for 3 months ~ 5 years showed various degrees of recovery of sensation and muscle strength.Re-examinations with MRI revealed that the spinal cord cavity disappeared in 6 patients and decreased in size in 30 patients.Conclusions The decompression of the posterior cranial fossa,the communication of cerebrospinal fluid between the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space,and the removal of pseduomembrane are key processes for treating Chiari Ⅰ malformation associated with syringomyelia.

Objective To introduce the operative procedure of prosthetic disc nucleus(PDN)re-placement and investigate its clinical effectiveness in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.Methods Nine cases of lumbar disc herniation were treated with PDN replacement from March2002to April2002.There were6males and3females,the average age of the patients was33.4years ranging from22to48years.The interval between the onset of the symptoms and the diagnosis was averagely18.4months,ranging from8months to3.6years.All of the patients were evaluated by anteroposterior and lateral radiography,computer-ized tomography and,if necessary,magnetic resonance imaging.The low back pain was predomi nant in two patients,the low back pain associated with radicular leg pain in6patients.The height of disc space became narrowed in varying grade.The operated level was at L 4-5 in6patients,L 5 S 1 in3patients.The standard pos-terior approach was used in8patients;the anterior lateral retroperitoneal approach was adopted in1patient.8cases were implanted with a single PDN,and1case with a couple of PDNs.Results All patients were followed up12to13months(average12.3months).The estimated intraoperative blood loss ranged from50to150ml (mean120ml ),and the total operation time ranged from45to120min(mean60min).The patients wore a brace for the first6weeks.Based on Oswestry low back pain and dis ability scores,the clinical successful rate was88.9%.The average percentage of the postoperative to preoperative disc height was128%.The slight displacement of PDN was observed in2patients,however there was no change of lumbar spinal mo bility.1patient had a bad recovery of back and leg pain.Conclusion PDN re placement can improve clinic symptoms,increase disc height and restore the normal lumbar motion as well.Its clinical effectiveness is excellent in short-term observation.

Objective To compare MSCT with routing X-ray, CT and appraise their applications to fractures in forensic identification. Methods366 cases which had got routing X-ray or CT examination were examined by thin slice scanning with MSCT and all of the data were processed with MPR, see-through and SSD method. Accurate diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis & underdiagnosis rate were calculated and analyzed by Chi-square test. ResultsThe accurate diagnosis rates of MSCT in nasal fracture, rib fracture, limb or joint fracture, orbital fracture and cranial fracture were higher than that of X-ray or routing CT (P0.05). The total accurate diagnosis rates of X-ray, routing CT and MSCT were 59.17%, 70.27% and 99.45%, respectively. There were significant differences (P