Selective protein degradation by the ubiquitin 26S proteasome pathway has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in a wide variety of cellular processes.The ubiquitin/26S proteosome pathway mainly consists of ubiquitin activating enzyme(E1),ubiquitin conjugating enzyme(E2),ubiquitin protein ligase(E3),and 26S proteasome.In an ATP-dependent reaction,uibquitin(Ub) is conjugated to E1,the activated Ub is then transferred to an E2.Finally,the Ub-E2 intermediate delivers the Ub to the target protein by E3 recognition.Polyubiquinated proteins are eventually degraded by the 26S proteasome.In plants,regulated protein degradation by /26S proteasome pathway contributes significantly to development by affecting a wide range of progress,including hormone signaling,photomorphogenesis,self-incompatibility and cell cycle.The recent progress towards understanding the role of the Ub/26S proteasome pathway during plant development was reviewed.

Humans ; Nasal Cavity ; Paranasal Sinuses

The Tongmai Yangxin pill (TMYX) has potential clinical effects on no-reflow (NR); however, the effective substances and mechanisms by which this occurs remain unclear. This study evaluates the cardioprotective effects and molecular mechanisms of TMYX against NR. We used a myocardial NR rat model (2 h after myocardial ischemia and 2 h after reperfusion) to confirm the effect and mechanism of action of TMYX in alleviating NR. In vitro studies in isolated coronary microvasculature of NR rats and in silico network pharmacology analyses were performed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of TMYX and determine the main components, targets, and pathways of TMYX, respectively. The experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (LLBH-202212160001). TMYX showed therapeutic effects on NR by improving cardiac structure and function, reducing NR, ischemic areas, and cardiomyocyte injury, and decreasing the content of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Moreover, the mechanism of TMYX predicted by network pharmacology is related to the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. TMYX increased the expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and HIF-1α. In vitro, TMYX enhanced the diastolic function of coronary microvascular cells; however, this effect was inhibited by GPER inhibitor (G-15), eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME), and sGC inhibitor (ODQ). This study integrates pharmacology and experimental evaluation to reveal that TMYX activates HIF-1α/eNOS signaling pathway by upregulating GPER to relax coronary microvessels, thereby significantly alleviating NR.

Objective To explore role of 64-slices spiral CT in differetiation of acute chest pains.Methods Thirty six patients with acute chest pains were performed 64-slices spiral CT chest angiography.Two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstruction was performed in all patients by means of multiplanar reconstruction(MPR)(coronal,sgittal oblique),curved planar reformation(CPR), maximum intensity projection(MIP),and volume rendering(VR).All images were blindly reading by two experienced radiologist.DSA were performed at the same time in 16 cases.Results The coronary artery branches,pulmonary artery and aortic artery in all patients were showed clearly,The acute myocardial infarction were showed in 10 cases,The pulmonary artery embolism in 14 cases,The aortic dissection in 6 cases respectively,The Coronary embolism in One case ,pneumothorax In One case The constrictive pericarditis in 1 case respectively.Normal findings in 4 cases.Conclusion 64-slices spiral CT is a useful and noninvasive examination in acute chest pain.

Objective To analyze the factors for tomotherapy precision related to the setup errors in the head and neck tumors to enhance the radiotherapy precision.Methods Totally 35 head and neck tumor patients from February to July 2016 were enrolled into the study,MVCT scan was executed before each time of tomotherapy and setup flow was standardized.There were 1 092 errors sets for the setup guided by MVCT image analyzed,and the method for reducing the setup error and the standardized process for enhancing the tomotherapy precision were put forward accordingly.Results The setup errors at X,Y and Zdirections were (0.98±0.91),(1.63±1.22),(1.11±0.87) mm originally,and became (0.97±0:89),(1.58±1.08),(1.06±0.83) mm after manual matching,and the setup error gained maximum value at Y direction and minimum value at X direction.The numbers of cases with the setup error not less than 3 mm were 6,49 and 18 respectively at X,Y and Z directions,and the corresponding proportions were 0.55％,4.49％ and 1.65％ respectively.The setup error for the tomotherapy in the head and neck tumors was low,and matching contributed to reducing the setup error.Conclusion There are multi factors affecting the setup error of the tomotherapy of the head and neck tumors,and the measures to decrease the setup error include strict institutions,standardized quality control and enhanced radiologist level.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the consistency of HER2 gene status before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and IHC (immunohistochemistry) techniques,and analyze the factor of the difference in the result and the feasibility of HER2 gene tested by FISH in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy breast cancer patients.Methods FISH and IHC for HER2 gene expression status was performed on the archival paraffin-embedded sections of breast cancer tissues before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 135 Chinese female patients,x2 test of paired comparison of enumeration data and Kappa analysis were used to compare the difference and consistency of this two techniques.ResultsThe detection rate of HER2 status in punctured cancer tissues before neoadjuvant chemotherapy by FISH and HER2 did not show statistical difference in our research while the opposite result were showed in cancer tissues after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Moreover,the two techniques of HER2 test were less concordant in patients accepted taxanes neoadjuvant chemotherapy than CAF treatment.ConclusionsThe consistency of FISH and IHC techniques of cancer tissues before neoadjuvant chemotherapy gained advantage compared to the ones after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy especially taxanes should take the test of HER2 gene status by FISH technique.

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining phenytoin concentration in epilepsy patients' plasma,and compare this method with chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA),and to evaluate the consistency of the two methods.Methods HPLC and CMIA methods were applied to determine the plasma concentration of phenytoin in 60 epileptic patients,respectively.The difference of results was analyzed by two-side paired t-test,and then the correlation and consistency of the two methods were investigated with Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman method.Results There was no significant difference between the results of the two methods (P ＞0.05).The regression equation of the determination results by HPLC (Y) and CMIA (X) was Y=0.992 9X +0.143 7 (R2 =0.992 6,n =60),which indicated the correlation of the two methods was good.Bland-Altman analysis showed that the consistency of the two methods for determining was good.Conclusion HPLC and CMIA method in monitoring plasma concentration of phenytoin have good correlation and consistency.Both methods can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring of phenytoin.

Objective To quantify aqueous flare and cells in the eyes of healthy subjects and to evaluate the effect of age and sex on the blood aqueous barrier. Design Prospective case series. Participants Four hundred and forty-two eyes of 221 healthy sub- jects. Methods Aqueous flare and cells of 442 eyes were evaluated with FC-2000 laser flare cell meter (LFCM). Main Outcome Mea- sures Aqueous flare and cells. Results The mean flare values of all of eyes was 4.7?2.9 pc/ms, it was 3.1 pc/ms in the age group of less than 10 years, 3.8 pc/ms in the age group of 40-49 years and 11.0 pc/ms in the age group of 80 years or over. The mean flare val- ues in the age groups of 50 years or over were significantly higher than that in the age group of 40-49 years (P

Objective Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) are common congenital problems in infants. Association between CMT and DDH has been reported in literatures. The aim of this study was to assess coexistence of DDH in infants with CMT and curative effects of its rehabilitative therapy. Methods In total, 187 infants less than two months old with CMT were recruited in the study. DDH was diagnosed and graded by Graf's bilateral hip type B ultrasonography and pelvic X-ray films. Massage manipulation, magnetic strapping, postural orthosis at home and heat compress were instituted for CMT and frog spica device and hip-flexion abduction plaster immobilization were instituted for DDH. Their early rehabilitative effects were evaluated. Results DDH was coexisted in 24 of 187 infants with CMT, with incidence of 12. 8%. The hips of 22 infants were graded as type Ⅱ b (91.7%) and two as type Ⅲ a (8.3%), and eight at the left side and seven at the right side.Comorbid hips completely recovered normal with early frog spica device and hip-flexion abduction therapy in 24 infants. Conclusions Coexistence of CMT and DDH are relatively common in infants. Type B ultrasonography can be used as a measure for screening DDH in neonates with CMT. Early rehabilitative therapy is effective for those coexisted with DDH and CMT at the same time.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) co-infection in cervical smears of patients with cervical lesions in littoral of Zhejiang province and analysis of transmitted route.

METHODSNested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was established. TTV DNA were tested by nPCR in cervical smears of 95 patients with cervical lesions and 55 healthy women, paired serum samples were available from 55 and 42 women, and their viral titer. The genotypes of 95 specimens of cervical cytology were detected with HybriMax. The phylogenetic group of TTV was determined by means of nPCR with N22 primers.

RESULTSThe prevalence of TTV DNA in cervical smears of patients with cervical lesions and healthy women was 52.7% (29/55) and was comparable with that in paired serum sample (50%). Symptomatic women had significantly higher prevalence of TTV DNA in cervical smears (74.7%) than healthy controls (P = 0.005). The TTV DNA prevalence in patient serum samples was 51%. The phylogenetic groups of TTV serum isolates were concordant with those of TTV from cervical smears of the same subjects, and genotype was G1b. The TTV viral titer in cervical smears were 10 to 1000 times as high as in serum. The total infection rate of HPV was 98.9% in patients, and was 27.3% in healthy women. The frequently detected genotype was HPV16, 18, 33 of HSIL, and HPV6 of LSIL. The HPV positive study subjects had significantly higher TTV DNA prevalence than HPV negatives (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONHigh prevalence of TTV in cervical smears suggests that sexual transmission is another mode of expansion of TTV infection among the population. The higher viral titer in cervical smears than in the respective serum samples might indicate active TTV replication in the female genital tract. Nevertheless, cooperation between TTV and HPV needs to be further investigated.

Adolescent ; Adult ; DNA Virus Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Torque teno virus ; physiology ; Uterine Cervical Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Vaginal Smears ; Young Adult