The Non-neuronal Acetylcholine System,including acetylcholine(NNAs),choline acetyltransferase,acetylcholinesterase,muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors,has been identified in numerous non-neuronal cells and tissues,including keratinocytes,cancer cells,immune cells and reproductive organs.NNAs is involved in regulation of their function and related to the pathophysiology of several diseases.This review investigates the research progress of NNAs and describes the structure and function of NNAs in different cells,such as glial cell,endothelium,epithelia and lymphocyte.NNAs is not the same as neuronal acetylcholine system,neither is the same in different cells.

Objective To study the preventive effect of small-dose fluconazol adiministered in low frequency on nosocomial fungal infectoin.Methods The condition of nosocomial fungal infection among 200 patients in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)were observed,who were suffered with serious infection or basic diseases and underwent broad-spectrum or ultra-broad spectrum antibiotic and steroid hormones treatment.These patients were divided imto treatment and control group.And the patients in treatment group received fluconazol[5 mg/(kg?time)once every 2 days,total 3 times,after that,twice 1 week till improved] to prevent fungal infection .The control group were treated with fluconazol [6-10 mg/(kg?time),once everyday for 10-14 days] after fungal infection.Results The incidence rate of nosocomial fungal infectoin of control group was 58.3%(56 out of 96 cases,which were 44 cases of mouth,5 cases of respiratory tract ,5 cases of digestive tract and 2 cases of urethra ) and that of treatment group was 1.9%(2 out of 104 cases, which were 2 cases of mouth).In control group,37 cases were cured,17 cases improved and 2 cases were not effective.Mouth fungal infection in treatment group was gently and cured with 1 or 2 times of local treatment .The treatment group didn′t occured liver function damage or aggravation.Conclusion For PICU patients, adiministration of small-dose flucomazol in low frequency is an effective and relatively safety method to prevent against nosocomial fungal infectoin.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency and the timing of continuous blood purification(CBP) in patients with multiple or-gan dysfunction syndrome(MODS) and acute renal failure(ARF) following cardiac surgery. Methods From November,2003 to July,2007,thirty-one patients with MODS and ARF following cardiac surgery were treated with CBP. They were divided into two groups, alive group ( group A) and dead group ( group B). Clinical data of the two groups were reviewed. Before CBP, duration of extracorporeal circulation, du-ated. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), oxygenic index (PaO2/FiO2), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count (PLT) and renal function (blood urea nitrogen, BUN, ercatinine, Cr) were observed before and after CBP. Results The number of im-paired organs of patients in group B was significantly more than that in group A before CBP ( P＜0.05). MODS scores ( 12.9±3.2 vs 6.9 ±2.3, P＜0.05) and APACHE Ⅱ scores (26.3±10.4 vs 17.2±5.1, P＜0.05)of group B were significantly higher than those of group A before CBP. After treatment of CBP for 24 hours, APACHE Ⅱ scores and MODS scores only significantly decreased in group A (P＜0.05 ). After treatment of CBP, Cr and BUN significantly reduced, while MAP and PaO2/FiO2 increased, in all patients, but HR was signif-icantly lower than that before CBP in group A (P＜0.05). The duration of ARF (34.67±32.79 hours vs 13.05±14.09 hours,P＜cantly higher than those of group A. Conclusion MODS scores and APACHE II scores can be used to evaluate the severity of patients with MODS and ARF after cardiac surgery. CBP is an effective treatment for these patients. It is suggested that early CBP therapy is important for reducing the chances of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and mortality of these patients.

Diagnosis, Differential ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Syndrome ; Vasodilator Agents ; therapeutic use

Arteriovenous Fistula ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Hemoptysis ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Artery ; abnormalities ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Pulmonary Veins ; abnormalities ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Diseases ; chemically induced ; Trimethyltin Compounds ; poisoning

OBJECTIVE:To study the influence of calcineurin gene polymorphism on the efficacy of cyclosporine A (CsA). METHODS:The blood samples of patients treated with CsA were collected. The trough blood concentration of CsA was detected by EMIT. The genotype of PPP3CA and PPP3CB was assayed by RFLP-PCR method. The expression of NFAT-regulated gene IL-2, IFN-γand GM-CSF were measured by RT-qPCR,which were used to define the index of indirect efficacy of CsA. The relationship of gene polymorphism with CsA efficacy was study by relationship analysis and multiple factor regression method,etc. RESULTS:A to-tal of 100 blood samples were collected. There was no significant correlation between the expression of CsA efficacy-related NFAT-reg-ulated gene GM-CSF and trough concentration of CsA(rGM-CSF=-0.04,P=0.238);the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ were negatively correlated with trough concentration of CsA significantly(rIL-2=-0.384 3,P<0.001;rIFN-γ=-0.335 4,P<0.001). Using the average value of mRNA expression of IL-2 and IFN-γas indirect efficacy index,the polymorphism of PPP3CB rs3763679 site significantly in-fluenced the efficacy of CsA(P<0.05),but PPP3CA rs3804358 had no any effect on it(P>0.05). Stratified analysis showed that among patients with immune disease underwent renal transplantation,efficacy of patients with PPP3CB rs3763679 genovariation(TC+TT) were better than those with wild-type gene (CC)(P<0.05). After the efficacy was normalized by CsA trough concentration, multivariate analysis showed that normalized efficacy of CsA was negatively correlated with gender,PPP3CB rs3763679,lactate dehy-drogenase and creatinine significantly,but positively correlated with PPP3CA rs3804358,leucocyte count,usea nitrogen,glycerin trilaurate,etc. CONCLUSIONS:PPP3CB rs3763679 gene polymorphism influence the efficacy of CsA;among patients with immune disease underwent renal transplantation,efficacy of patients with PPP3CB rs3763679 TT+TC is better than that of CC type. At the same time,gender,PPP3CA rs3804358,leucocyte count,usea nitrogen,glycerin trilaurate and other factors all can influence the nor-malized efficacy of CsA to different extent. Multiple factors should be considered when using CsA.

Objective To analyze the factors related to the disqualification of urine routine and stool routine, and to formulate corresponding solutions. Methods In April 2014 to April 2017 our collected 600 cases of hospitalized patients, urine and stool samples for routine detection, made clear that cause unqualified samples related factors, and develop effective solution strategy. Results 600 cases in the selected routine urine, excrement and urine routine test specimens, the unqualified samples of total 110 cases, fraction defective is 18.33%, 490 qualified samples, percent of pass is 81.67%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).There are a number of factors that cause the sample to fail, such as the contamination of the sample, the length of storage, the operation and the preparation. Conclusion In the process of actual diagnosis of disease, clinical result in urine, feces routine test specimen unqualified often appear, the reason is to a great extent, and the related nursing staff in urine and stool samples of patients before the lack of relevant guidance and so on, and nursing staff after the complete collection of specimens does not usually in accordance with the relevant standard of serious check, to avoid the sample inspection is unqualified, hospitals need to develop scientific inspection process, nurses in practice need to strict adherence to the process, and through intensive training, promote nursing staff awareness test, can to improve the qualification rate of sample test provide strong guarantee.

Objective To investigate the detection results of GHB with different instruments, and to provide reliable basis for improving the accuracy of GHB detection. Methods ADVIA 1650 biochemical analyzer and HA-8160 glycosylated hemoglobin analyzer were used. The accurate detection of glycosylated hemoglobin in 100 healthy people was carried out, and the related data were recorded and analyzed statistically. Attention should be paid to this group according to glycosylated hemoglobin detection value, that is, within 6.5％ for A group, 6.5％-10.0％ for B group, more than 10％ for C group, and compare the above-mentioned different grouping of corresponding instrument glycosylated hemoglobin detection value. Results The analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups of C instrument glycosylated hemoglobin levels, but the level of glycosylated hemoglobin detected by A in group HA-8160 and group B was significantly higher than that of ADVIA 1650(P<0.05). Conclusion Different instruments have some differences in the detection value of glycosylated hemoglobin. Clinicians should judge the disease comprehensively according to the actual situation and other indicators.

Objective To investigate the effects of probucol and losartan on cell proliferation after balloon angioplasty in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits.Methods Forty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into high cholesterol diet group,probucol group,losartan group and combined drugs group.The iliac arteries of the rabbits were balloon-injured and the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor(IGF-IR),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) were detected by using immunohistochemical method.Results Compared with high cholesterol diet group,the lumen areas were enlarged and the intimal areas were decreased in the probucol group,losartan group and combined drugs group(all P