Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

Objectives To investigate the specific site for measuring inferior alveolar nerve canal (IANC) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT),and to provide reference data of the course of the IANC of the crowd.Methods This study was a retrospective data analysis.One hundred and thirty CBCT cases were measured and compared after classification by gender and age (65 men and 65 women,65 middle age and 65 youth).Since the proximal center of the mental foramen area,the cross-section at which the mental hole just completely breaks the buccal cortical bone was defined as S1,and S2,S3,S4 were defined as cross-sections with 1-cm apart from each other since S1.L1,L2,L3,and L4 were measured as the distance from specific sites on the outer wall of the IANC to the alveolar crest,the outer wall of lingual lateral cortical bone,the mandibular minimum margin,and the outer wall of buccal cortical bone.The results were analyzed using independent samples t test,with P＜0.05 being considered statistically significant.Results On the right IANC S2L1,S3L1,S4L1,S2L2,S3L2,S4L2,S1L3,S3L4,the 8 groups of L values measured on these 8 sites,all showed differences between genders (P＜0.05).So did the 10 groups of L values measured on the left IANC S1L1,S2L1,S3L1,S4L1,S1L2,S3L2,S4L2,S2L3,S3L3,S4L4 (P＜0.05).The middle age group and the youth group were statistically different for the data measured on the right IANC S2L4 (P＜0.05).This was the same case for the data measured on the left IANC S1L3.When classified according to gender,L1 in the S1 to S4 sections firstly increased and then decreased,and eventually decreased.The change pattern of L3 was opposite to that of L1.L2 in the S1 to S4 sections firstly decreased and then decreased,and eventually increased.The change pattern of L4 was opposite to that of L2.When the samples were classified according to age,the change pattern L value in the S1 to S4 sections was the same as that under gender classification.Conclusions The effect of gender on the L value of individuals is relatively great,while the effect of age on the L value of individuals value is very small.Setting the corresponding long axis of mandible as a reference,the change pattern of IANC in the mandible can be deduced based on the change of L value from S 1 to S4:from S1 to S4,the course of IANC on the vertical direction is firstly downward,tben turns to upward and goes upward;from S1 to S4,the trend of IANC on the horizontal direction is firstly toward the side of tongue,and eventually turns towards the buccal side.The current study provides reference data for IANC-related anatomy from the mandibular foramen to the mandibular second molars.

Health Personnel ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Immunization

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hepacivirus ; genetics ; Hepatitis C ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Hepatitis C Antibodies ; blood ; Humans

Hepatitis E ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis E virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines ; immunology

Plastic bronchitis is a “multiple-system” involved syndrome that is characterized by the formarion of thick,arborizing mucofibrinous tracheobronchial casts,which can result in hard breathing or pulmonary failure.Plastic bronchitis in children occurs following correction of complex cardiac defects,or in children with inflammatory pulmonary conditions.It is a condition of unknown causes and has different clinical manifestations.Early diagnosis is very important and so far endoscopic removal of the casts is the most effective measure.

The health hazards of arsenic are various. Since children are in the period of rapid growth and development, nervous system is more vulnerable to the arsenic exposure in the environment.Not only does it increase the incidence of the corresponding disease in each system, but also results in neurotoxicological impairments including poor cognitive performance and disturbances in visual perception, psychomotor speed, attention, speech and memory. The progress in the field of effects of arsenic on children's health were reviewed in this article, it introduced the background of arsenic, human exposure pathways, metabolism of the human body,health hazards to children and biological monitoring.

ObjectiveTo analyse the prognostic factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of children by comparing mortality in ARDS. MethodARDS type ,treatment process if there were multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and whether family members actively cooperated with the treatment factors in 38 children with ARDS were analyzed. ResultsARDS of the original mortality of sepsis was the highest[ 66.67％ ( 14/21 )]; treatment process combined with MODS in 8 cases, 6 died, the mortality up to 75.00％ (6/8), significantly higher than combined without MODS [40.00％ (12/30)],there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05); family members actively cooperated with the treatment could reduce mortality of children (P ＜0.05); PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 value:pulmonary-exterior type was lower than pulmonary-interior type, combined with MODS was lower than combined without MODS, family members actively cooperated with the treatment was lower than family members inactively cooperated with the treatment (P ＜ 0.05 );PaCO2 value:pulmonary- exterior type was lower than pulmonary-interior type, family members actively cooperated with the treatment was lower than family members inactively cooperated with the treatment (P ＜ 0.05 ) ; pH: pulmonary-exterior type was higher than pulmonary-interior type, combined with MODS was higher than combined without MODS, family members actively cooperated with the treatment was higher than family members inactively cooperated with the treatment (P ＜0.05);the critical illness score in family members with a positive attitude was higher than that in family members with a negative attitude (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionThe primary disease of sepsis, associated with MODS, the family members with a negative attitude toward the treatment affect the prognosis of children with ARDS.

The precursor of B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP) is cleaved by a specific enzyme into the biologically active BNP and biologically inactive N-terminal fragment (NT-proBNP).Plasma BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations are affected by gender,age,obesity (higher BMI) and renal function.BNP is primary metabolized by clearance receptors,NT-proBNP is suggested by renal excretion,so plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP are more affected by renal function than that of BNP.The differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea and acute heart failure (AHF) is one of the most important clinical applications of BNP and NT-proBNP.Two cut-off points were used:a lower one with a high negative predictive value to reliably exclude acute heart failure (AHF) as the cause of acute dyspnoea (rule-out cutoff value),and a second higher one with a high positive predictive value to rule in AHF as the cause of dyspnoea (rule-in cutoff value).The rule-in cutoff values of NT-proBNP divided into three levels according to the age,these cutoff values apply irrespective of gender,obesity and renal function,but the rule-in cutoff point of BNP need to be corrected by obesity and renal function.In addition,BNP/NT-proBNP has been shown to provide diagnosis,prognosis and therapy-guiding information in chronic heart failure and coronary heart disease.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonists in treatment of chronic cough. Methods Eighty-one patients with chronic cough, defined by the diagnostic protocol of chronic cough, were recruited. The including criteria are complaining cough 8 weeks or longer, age ≥ 14, nonsmoking or had quitted smoking≥4 weeks, not taking ACEI medicine, not complicated with gastroesophageal reflux related cough, upper airway cough syndrome (besides allergic rhinitis), tuberculosis of bronchus and with normal chest X-ray. Those diagnosed as cough variant asthma(CVA),allergic rhinitis (AR),eosinophilic bronchitis(EB),post infectious cough(PIC) were treated with leukotriene 10 mg daily at night. Results The 81 patients includes:36 cases of CVA,30 cases of AR,5 cases with EB,10 cases with PIC. After treatment based on diagnosis, cough disappeared in 67 patients, symptoms improved in 12 patients, and 2 patients' cough did not improved. Conclusions Leukotriene receptor antagonists is an aggressive anti-inflammatory therapy, which can release the symptom of cough and is an important medicine in the treatment of chronic cough.