Education, Dental ; Michigan ; Universities

Objective: To explore effect of cognitive operation on pai n threshold and pain tolerance Method: 101 college students were received a painful electrical stimulus in two conditions: first, students were given stimuli without cognitive operation and then they were given stimuli with cognitive operation Result: Pain threshold and pain tolerance without cognitive operation were all significantly lower than those with cogniti ve operation The rates of pain threshold or pain tolerance less than 5 mA in c ognitive operation group were higher Conclusion: Cognitive ope ration can increase pain threshold and pain tolerance

Objective To investigate the status of orthopedic rehabilitative nursing care. Methods A self-designed questionnaire on the orthopedic rehabilitative knowledge and orthopedic rehabilitative care was used to investigate 250 nurses in the orthopedics department of 10 hospitals. Results 62.45% of the 250 nurses passed the knowledge questionnaire. Nurses comprehended the basis knowledge on orthopedic rehabilitative more than the clinical knowledge; the physiological nursing care of orthopedic rehabilitative was the best, communication with patients' family members was better, and nurses payed few attentions to daily living care, psychological nursing care and following-up after the patients were discharged. Conclusions The clinical knowledge on rehabilitative nursing among the nurses needs timely enhancement, and the work of daily living care, psychological nursing care and following up should be improved.

This paper intends to discuss the respective characteristics of communicative competence and intercultural communicative competence in order to elaborate the feasibility and necessity of cultivating intercultural communicative competence in foreign language teaching.It also puts forward several methods which can be applied in cultural knowledge teaching.

This paper has mainly discussed the healthcare guarantee system of the population in the cityes,especially the healthcare guarantee system of the city people who are given the guarantee allowance for the lowest living standard.It is clarified that the guarantee allowance does not contain the fees of seeing a doctor and that the people supported by the allowance for the lowest living standard are systematically excluded from the social medicare and business medicare.With the establisment and constant perfection of the social guarantee system in our country,the basic life of these people has been guaranteed,but their medical treatment remains a big problem.

Objective To construct the recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-σC for the expression of avian reovirus(ARV)aC protein and to detect its effects on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,in order to build up a basis for the development of novel anti-tumor vaccines.Methods The recombinant shuttle vector pShuttle-σC was constructed by PCR amplification of ARV σC gene,and then transformed into competent BJ5183 cells containing the adenovirus vector pAdessy-1.The recombi-nant adenovirus vector pAd-σC was obtained by homologous recombination,and the virus was packaged in HEK293 cells.The virus titer was measured by TCID_(50),the expression of σC protein was determined by Western blot and ELISA,and the effect of virus on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721 was detected by CCK-8 assay.Results The recombinant shuttle vector pShuttle-σC was confirmed to be constructed correctly by double enzyme digestion and sequen-cing,and the recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-σC was constructed correctly as identified by colony PCR.σC protein was successfully expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721.The recombinant adenovirus Ad-σC had a titer of 10~(7.5)/0.1 mL,which inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721.Conclusion The recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-trC containing ARV σC gene was successfully constructed,and its inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation was preliminarily analyzed,which lays a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of ARV oncolytic effect and further developing novel anti-tumor biological preparation.

Objective To construct the recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-σC for the expression of avian reovirus(ARV)aC protein and to detect its effects on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,in order to build up a basis for the development of novel anti-tumor vaccines.Methods The recombinant shuttle vector pShuttle-σC was constructed by PCR amplification of ARV σC gene,and then transformed into competent BJ5183 cells containing the adenovirus vector pAdessy-1.The recombi-nant adenovirus vector pAd-σC was obtained by homologous recombination,and the virus was packaged in HEK293 cells.The virus titer was measured by TCID_(50),the expression of σC protein was determined by Western blot and ELISA,and the effect of virus on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721 was detected by CCK-8 assay.Results The recombinant shuttle vector pShuttle-σC was confirmed to be constructed correctly by double enzyme digestion and sequen-cing,and the recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-σC was constructed correctly as identified by colony PCR.σC protein was successfully expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721.The recombinant adenovirus Ad-σC had a titer of 10~(7.5)/0.1 mL,which inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721.Conclusion The recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-trC containing ARV σC gene was successfully constructed,and its inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation was preliminarily analyzed,which lays a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of ARV oncolytic effect and further developing novel anti-tumor biological preparation.

Objectives:This paper evaluates the rationality and feasibility of pharmaceutical price reform in dis-trict public hospitals in Nanjing .Methods:Pharmaceutical expense data before and after pharmaceutical price reform was collected from databases , changes of some major index about expenditures of medical insurance fund was simula -ted.Results:In Jiangning district hospital which had been reformed ,inpatient and outpatient expenses decreased while patient burden rate was the same or changed only slightly .Under the same stimulation , in four other district hospitals which is about to reform , the drug proportion of inpatient and outpatient and outpatient expenses per -time decreased , while inpatient expenses per-time increased .The hospitalization burden rate decreased by 3 .21%, and health insurance expenditure of inpatient accounted for 7 .74%of the whole fund pool .Conclusions:Pharmaceutical price reform reduced patient financial burden;health insurance fund spending increased and needs more attention in order to guard against the fund risk .The structure of pharmaceutical pricing tended to be reasonable and medical technology and medical service was more helpful .Compensation rates of medical insurance weren't equal, and the higher the compensation rates , the more both patient burden and health insurance fund expenditures were .Sugges-tions:It is crucial to eradicate the system of “subsidizing hospitals by charging more medicine fees” by leading the patient to primary medical situation , pushing the implementation of hospital payment reform and uniting of city inte-gration and urban-rural integration in order to ensure scientific development of district public hospitals .

Objective To clarify the association of age and sun exposure with human epidermal thickness, and to probe deeply into the changes of skin histology and epidermal thickness with skin aging.Methods Two hundreds and eleven full thickness skin samples were collected from 3 different age groups of healthy volunteers and then stained with haematoxylin and eosin to study the changes of epidermal thickness using image analysis software ( Image pro plus 6.0). The obtained values were analyzed with factorial design ANOVA and correlation analysis to detect any significant effects of age and sun exposure on epidermal thickness.Results With increasing age, the junction between epidermis and dermis became flattened, and stratum comeum got looser. There was a notable attrition of the epidermal thickness that could be correlated with age. The at-trition of epidermal thickness attributed to age did not vary between female and male volunteers. Epidermal cell layers thickness increased with cumulated sun exposure, but epidermal total thickness was not associated with sun exposure. There was no difference for epidermal thickness of different sun exposure between female and male volunteers. Conclusion During chronological aging, epidermal cells decrease in thickness with lowered metabolism. With cumulated sun exposure, epidermal cell layer thickness becomes thicker. There is no interaction between the effect of age and sun exposure and the epidermal thickness.

AIM: To observe the effect of Shenmai injection on the acute myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS: The left-anterior coronary artery was ligated for 10 minutes and then loosed for 15 minutes to establish the animal model of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. During the process,electrocardiogram was traced continuously to observe the arrhythmia caused by reperfusion. The levels of SOD,MDA,Na +,K +-ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase in ventricular myocardium were measured. The mitochondria was observed through electron microscope. RESULTS: Shenmai injection decreased the incidence of arrhythmia caused by reperfusion and shortened its duration. Shenmai injection improved the activity of SOD,Na +,K +-ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase,decreased the content of MDA in myocardium and relieved the injury of mitochondria. CONCLUSION: Shenmai injection had a protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The mechanism may be related to relieving the injury caused by oxygen free radical and calcium overload. [