Sepsis,a common clinical syndrome,comparing to septicaemia or bacteremia,has a more comprehensive pathophysiological process.Its pathogenesis is complex,including pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine imbalance,intestinal bacterial translocation,immunosuppression,signal pathway activation,etc.Further study on the pathogenesis of sepsis is the theory foundation to explore the new method of sepsis.The diagnosis of sepsis pathogenesis,treatment principles and common virus infection induced sepsis are reviewed in this paper.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Fatty Liver ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; trends

Objective To screen the prevalence of nutritional risk in cirrhotic inpatients by Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) and explore the relationship between nutritional risks and outcomes.Methods NRS 2002 was used to identify the nutritional risk of 200 cirrhotic inpatients between May 2010 and May 2011.The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) grade,fatality,complications,and length of stay within 6 months were followed up to explore the relationship between nutritional risks and outcomes.Results The prevalence of nutritional risk screened by NRS 2002 was 53.5％ in cirrhotic patients.The prevalence of nutritional risk was 39.0％,59.4％,and 60.0％ respectively in patients with CTP grade A,B,and C (P =0.029).Compared with those without nutritional risks,patients with nutritional risks had significantly higher incidences of complications and fatality (P =0.000 and 0.013) and longer hospital stay (P =0.001).Conclusion The nutritional risk increases along with the CTP grade.Patients with nutritional risks tend to have poorer outcomes.The influence of nutrition support on the outcome of patients with liver diseases needs further research.

[Objective]This paper summarizes the latest literature,which can offer more choices for making liposome drug.[Methods]This article summarizes the application of liposomes in al aspects and new preparation methods and modification methods and their respective advantages. [Results]Liposome as a new type of drug carrier,which has similarity with biological membrane,has many good qualities and changes the traditional way to give medicine. [Con-clusion]Liposome has the broad application after nearly forty years of research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) siRNA or XIAP antagonist Embelin on the growth inhibition and apoptosis of hepatcellular cancer cell line HepG2,which was treated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis (TRAIL). Methods HepG2 cells were tranfected either by XIAP siRNA or a negative control,followed by treatment with TRAIL,Embelin or a combination of the two.XIAP expression,cell growth,and caspase-3 activity were determined by Western blot,MTT assay and fluorescent caspase-3 assay,respectively.Cleaved PARP expression levels of were measured by Western blot.ResultsThe XIAP protein expression was significantly downregulated by transfection with XIAP siRNA.Compared with the negative control,the XIAP siRNA significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells treated by 100ng/ml(6.8％ ±1.2％ vs.11.8％±4.0％,P＜0.05)and 1000 ng/ml (18.9％ ±2.0％ vs.26.6％ ±1.5％,P＜0.01)by TRAIL.TRAIL-induced caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage were also increased significantly by XIAP siRNA transfection.In addition,Embelin also significantly inhibited cell growth (P＜0.01),activation of caspase-3 (P＜ 0.01) and TRAIL-induced PARP cleavage.Conclusions Both XIAP siRNA and Embelin may potentially contribute to clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND:Chronic ankle instability affects normal life severely. Therefore, chronic ankle instability causes more and more attention of experts, and choice of reasonable and effective diagnosis and targeted treatment method for chronic ankle instability in early stage has become an important issue in the clinic.
OBJECTIVE:To review literature research on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle instability in recent years, and to provide reference and evaluation criteria for the diagnosis and reasonable and effective treatment of chronic ankle instability in clinical practice.
METHODS:We searched PubMed database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database and VIP database for clinical and basic experimental research on chronic ankle instability. Keywords were“chronic ankle, instability, diagnosis, rehabilitation exercises, surgery methods, research progress”in Chinese and“chronic ankle, instability, diagnosis, rehabilitation exercises, surgical methods, research”in English. Total y 40 literatures were analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Because of the special anatomical features and biomechanical advantages of the ankle, we should first consider the early diagnosis and effective treatment in chronic ankle instability patients. The treatment should focus on the anatomic characteristics, biomechanic characteristics, etiology of chronic ankle and diagnostic methods of the ankle joint. Conservative treatment and rehabilitation exercises after surgery play a major role in the recovery of chronic ankle instability. The use of balance board, tilting board, and climbing machines is an effective rehabilitation exercises for chronic ankle instability. The application of AOFOS-hind foot and ankle fibula reaction time is important for the assessment of functional recovery of the ankle joint. The emergence of arthroscope is an important clinical research direction of ankle surgery. This plays a significant effect on the treatment of chronic ankle instability.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of combination use of diltiazem and nitroglycerin in preventing radial artery spasm in performing coronary angiography via radial artery access. Methods During the period from Dec. 2012 to June 2013 at authors’ hospital, coronary angiography via radial artery access was carried out in a total of 200 patients. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: nitroglycerin group (n = 100) and combination group (n = 100). After successful placement of catheter sheath 200 μg of nitroglycerin was injected through the sheath in the patients of the nitroglycerin group, while 200 μg of nitroglycerin together with 2 mg diltiazem was injected through the sheath in the patients of the combination group. The heart rate , blood pressure and electrocardiogram were recorded with an electrocardio-pressure monitor before the injection as well as at 2, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the injection. The occurrence of radial artery spasm and patient ’s general condition were also under observation. Results Radial artery spasm occurred in 5 patients of the combination group , while it occurred in 13 patients of the nitroglycerin group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). No significant difference in heart rate and electrocardiogram existed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion For the coronary intervention via radial artery access , combination use of diltiazem and nitroglycerin can more effectively prevent the occurrence of radial artery spasm. Besides , combination use of diltiazem and nitroglycerin has no obvious effect on the heart rate , the blood pressure and the electrocardiogram.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the application effect of clinical pathways in hospitalized inguinal hernia patients by using the Meta- analysis. MethodsPublished randomized controlled trials (RCT)in hospitalized inguinal hernia patients were searched and screened in CNKI、VIP、CBMdisc and Wanfang datebase under present standards.The quality of the included studies were evaluated and statistically analyzed by RevMan5.0 software. ResultsTotally 16 literatures including 1649 cases were eligible to the criteria (816 in clinical nursing pathways group and 833 in the traditional health education group)altogether.The Meta-analysis showed there were significant difference between the clinical pathway group and the traditional health education group in grasp of health knowledge,rate of patients,satisfaction degree,length of hospital stay and hospitalization expenses. ConclusionsClinical pathways is superior compared with the traditional health education for hospitalized inguinal hernia patients.

Objective Statistics and analyze the effect of comprehensive prevention measures for the ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) morbidity and mortality,and investigate its actual applicate situation in the clinical.Methods Statistics and analyze the clinical date of 183 cases of our ICU mechanical ventilation patients in 2012 (group A),including morbidity,mortality,time of endotracheal intubation,length of stay and the primary pathogenic bacteria,and to compared with the relevant clinical data of 192 cases of our ICU mechanical ventilation patients in 2011 (group B),summarize and analysis the actual applicate situation of the comprehensive prevention measures in the clinical through the data contrast.Results The incidence of VAP in group A was lower than that in group B [31.7％(58/183) vs.58.3％(112/192)] (P ＜ 0.05),but the mortality was no statistical difference in both groups (P ＞ 0.05) ; the endotracheal intubation time and the average length of stay in group A were less than those in group B [6.3 d vs.10.6 d,7.6 d vs.11.9 d](P＜0.05); the main pathogenic bacterium of VAP with mainly gram-negative bacilh.Conclusions Comprehensive prevention measures can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP,but the mortality rate has no significant effect,need further clinical research;comprehensive prevention measures to reduce patients with tube time also confirm its effectiveness.Comprehensive prevention measures are economical and practical,is worth in clinical promotion.

The pericarp (1), aleurone layer (2), scutellum (3) (including the epiblast), embryo (4) (including radicle and plumule), and the outer (5) and inner (6) endosperm of two samples of kaoliang grain were separated by dissection. The ratio of the weight between the outer and the inner portions of endosperm is about 1:2.4. The contents of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, total protein and xylose and the weight were determined separately for each part as well as for the whole grain.The results of analysis are given in Table 1 and the percentage distribution of the weight and the content of different nutrients of the whole grain in each part are shown in Table 2.More than 90％ of thiamin is present in scutellum and embryo, although the sum of their weights represents only about 10％ of the whole grain. The amount of this vitamin in the endosperm, the main portion of the polished grain, is only about 3％. Similar to the results obtained from other grains, the content of vitamin B_1 in the outer portion of the endosperm is higher than that in the inner part.The riboflavin content in the endosperm is about one fifth to one eighth of the other parts of the grain; owing to the high proportion of its weight, the percentage of riboflavin in the whole grain present in endosperm is about 30％. Thus the distribution of this vitamin is comparatively more even than that of thiamin and nicotinic acid.Nicotinic acid is largely concentrated in the aleurone layer. It is interesting to note that the content of this vitamin in the two samples of kaoliang is not the same, sample Ⅱ containing only about 70％ of that in sample Ⅰ. This difference can be almost entirely attributed to the difference in the quantity present in the aleurone layer. The content of nicotinic acid in other parts of the grain is similar in both samples tested.The total nitrogen content in the embryo is much higher than that in other parts of the grain. The amount present in the inner part of the endosperm is considerably lower than that in the outer part.Xylose is largely concentrated in the pericarp and the aleurone layer, which together represent about 70％ of the xylose content in the whole grain.