Autophagy is an active research area in the biomedical field as its role has been identified in many physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, there is a growing demand to identify, quantify and manipulate the process accurately. Meanwhile, there is great interest in identifying compounds that modulate autophagy because they may have applications in the treatment of a variety of autophagy-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the current status of autophagy screening systems to facilitate identification of autophagy modulators.

Objective: To measure serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels and study its associations with lipoproteins in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Sixty-five PCOS women and 20 ovulating normal women with body mass index (BMI)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the largest causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide for which there are very limited effective treatment options.The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway(UPP) has rapidly become acknowledged as both critical mechanism for cellular biological function and a latent target of regulation of cancer-related disease.This review focus on the role of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and its correlation factors(HBV、P27、NF-?B,et al),in order to find novel therapeutic interventions against the genesis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective To establish the cell line stably expressing INSIG2 and observe its effecet on fat metabolism after overexpression of INSIG2.Methods The eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-INSIG2 was constructed,which was transfected into 3T3-L1 cells.The expression of INSIG2 and related genes were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry,the contents of FFA in cell culture medium and adipocyte differentiation were detected by ELISA and Oil Red "O"staining respectively.Results After pcDNA3.1(+)-INSIG2 was transfected into the 3T3-L1 cells,the expression of INSIG1 mRNA and FAS mRNA were down-regulated,the content of FFA in the cell culture medium was decreased and adipocyte differentiation was drepressed.Conclusion The cell line stably expressing INSIG2 was successfully established,the transfected INSIG2 may have a drepressant effect on fat metabolism.

Objective To explore clinical features and antimicrobial resistance of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)with Streptococcus pneumoniae (S .pneumoniae)isolated from children in Nanjing.Methods Clinical data of children with confirmed S .pneumoniae LRTI through sputum culture at a children’s hospital in Nanjing between July 2013 and June 2014 were analyzed retrospectively,S .pneumoniae strains were performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing through K-B method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)testing.Results Among 197 children with S .pneumoniae infection,72.59% were <3 years old,63.96% occurred in autumn and winter, 57.87% had elevated leukocyte count,cough and fever were the most common clinical symptoms,complications of digestive and circulatory system were also common.The resistance rates of S .pneumoniae to azithromycin, penicillin,and erythromycin were 94.92%, 92.98%, and 88.83% respectively; the sensitivity rates to vancomycin,chloramphenicol,meropenem,ceftriaxone,and ofloxacin were all > 90%,vancomycin was up to 98.98%.Conclusion The percentage of S .pneumoniae LRTI is high in children < 3 years old,most occur in autumn and winter,resistance rates to azithromycin,penicillin,and erythromycin are all high,antimicrobial agents should be selected for the treatment of infection according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety for cervical ripening by double-balloon catheter among full-term pregnancy women underwent labor induction.Methods It was a prospective nonrandomly controlled research.Totally 128 singleton-pregnancy women in full-term who had to undergo labor induction because of pregnancy complications or comorbidities from August 2011 to April 2013 in Peking University First Hospital were selected as study subjects.Participants were allocated to preinduction cervical ripening with either a double-balloon catheter (66 participants,study group) or prostaglandin vaginal insert (62 participants,control group).Compare the efficacy for cervical ripening and adverse reactions between the two groups.Results The efficacy for cervical ripening (Bishop scores improved by ≥ 2) had no significant differences between study and control groups [82％ (54/66) compared with 81％ (50/ 62),P＞0.05].The time interval between intervention and parturiency was significantly higher in the doubleballoon catheter group than in the prostaglandin vaginal insert group [(24.2±8.5) compared with (14.5±8.0) hours,P＜0.05].The proportion of women who achieved parturiency within 12 hours was significantly lower in the double-balloon catheter group than that in the control group [9％ (6/66) compared with 21％ (13/62),P＜0.05].The cesarean section rate showed no significant differences [41％ (27/66) compared with 43％(27/62),P＞0.05].The prevalence of intrauterine infection demonstrated by clinical diagnosis was significantly higher in the double-balloon catheter group [11％ (7/66) compared with 6％ (4/62),P＜O.05].The double-balloon catheter group had significantly lower rates of contraction overfrequency [0(0/66) compared with 42％ (26/62),P＜0.05],hyperthermia [3％ (2/66) compared with 19％ (12/62),P＜0.05],fetal heart rate abnormalities before removing the device or drug [5％ (3/66) compared with 19％ (12/62),P＜0.05],as well as precipitate labour [2％ (1/66) compared with 16％ (10/62),P＜0.05].Conclusions The efficacy of a double-balloon transcervieal catheter is similar to that of a prostaglandin vaginal insert.However,the double-balloon catheter cannot significantly reduce the cesarean section rate while it increases the risk of intrauterine infection.The materual and fetal safety of transcervical catheter is superior to the prostaglandin vaginal insert.In cases of oligohydramnios,fetal growth restriction,pregnancy complicated with asthma,hypertension and scar uterine are in favor of a balloon catheter using for cervical ripening on account of high risk of using prostaglandin.

Objective To set up and evaluate the method of Phage Amplified Biologically Assay (PhaB) in the rapid detection of detection of Ethambutol resistance. Methods To detect the EMB resistance of 102 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by PhaB and compare it with the results of absolute concentration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was detected for all discrepancy isolates. Results Of all 102 strains in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates, 82 strains were EMB susceptible and 20 strains were EMB resistant by PhaB method, while 77 strains were EMB susceptible and 25 strains were EMB resistant by absolute concentration method. 74 of 102 strains were EMB susceptible and 17 strains were EMB resistant by both methods. The concordant isolates of determination of EMB resistance were 91 strains in two methods and the concordance rate was 89.2%. There were 11 disconcordant isolates and the discrepancy rate was 10.8%. In the 11 strains of discrepant isolates between two methods, 7 strains (63.6%) were in accord with the results of MIC method (5 of 7 strains were EMB susceptible by PhaB but EMB resistant by the absolute concentration methods, 2 of 7 strains were EMB resistant by PhaB but EMB susceptible by the absolute concentration method). Conclusions The PhaB assay can be used for detection of EMB resistance in isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis easily and quickly within three days.This method do not need special instrument and may be used for rapid screening of M.tuberculosis with resistance to EMB.

Objective To observe the curative effects of long term statins treatment on blood lipid and left ventriclar function of myocardial infarction patients. Methods 70 patients with myocardial infarction were randomly divided into two groups: Statins treatment group (n=37) and control group (n=33). The level of blood lipid, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were mearsured before and 2 years after the treatment. Results The long term applies of statins can bring statistically different (P<0.05) of TC and LDL-C to myocardial infarction patients. LVESD and LVEF were statistically different (P<0.05) before and after statins were used. Conclusion The long term applies of statins can improve the lipidic metabolism and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction.

Objective To explore virtual three-dimensional (3D)model for intravascular interventional devices,the method of preoperative simulation and its value in clinical work.MethodsThe virtual models including catheter,guide wire,stent and coil were established by using the 3D moulding software of 3D Studio MAX R3. The interventional preoperative simulation was performed on personal computer including 21 patients of cerebral aneurysm embolization ( anterior communicating artery 5,posterior communicating artery 10,middle cerebral artery 3,internal carotid artery 2,and vertebral artery 1 ),during interventional procedures,the surgeon relied on the simulation results for plastic micro-guide wire,catheter and the release of micro-coils and stents.Results( 1 ) All the virtual instruments and real instruments had similar shape,the overall tine for constructing virtual model was about 20 hours.The preoperative simulation took 50 to 80 minutes. (2) The simulation result of catheter insertion in the 18 cases had relevant value to guide micro-catheter,molding micro-guide wire tip,and shortened the operating time.For embolization,the simulation results of filling coil and releasing stent were similar to surgical results in 76％ of the patients (16/21).(3)For teaching and training,93％ (38/41) of doctors in training believed that preoperative simulation facilitated the understanding of surgery. ConclusionsThe method of virtual model of intravascular interventional devices was reliable.The preoperative simulation results could be used to guide practical clinical operation with relatively high degree of similarity,and could play a role in promoting researches on interventional virtual operations.