This article mainly discusses the relationship between the active treatment concept of the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its positive outcome in long-term prognosis,which is the overall prognosis of SLE benefits from the improvement on the liying conditions of patients with lupus nephritis (LN).Although more argumentations are still required in regards to whether to use the different general conclusions of the meta analysis between the childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) and the early adulthood-onset SLE patients at the same age as more proactive induction therapy in early phase,yet the time point for early therapy before clinical symptoms appearing can be determined and thereby positive anticipation can be achieved through keeping the difference between the long-term prognosis of the cSLE and the adult-onset patients as evidences,and making in-depth study on the innate laws of the heterogeneity of cSLE,meanwhile giving biological markers more application which can be highly reliable in reflecting the morbid status,supported by the study outcomes of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics and further optimization of current immunoregulation/immune inhibitors approaches (as evidences required by long-term effects).

It is an important turning point that early diagnosis and prompts initiation of adequate treatment improve the outcomes of primary or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which is a rare life-threatening syndrome.Even though the survival rate of the patients with HLH has been improved because of the immunochemotherapy or targeted immunotherapy based on new findings in the immunopathogenesis and the genetic defects,reducing the mortality will be main challenge for the pediatricians in pediatric intensive care unit.All of the clinical features are significant clues for the diagnosis,including continuing fever,specific liver dysfunction with coagulation abnormalities,pancytopenia,hypertriglyceridemia and hyperferritinemia.Defining patients' natural killer cells status during the different stages of sepsis and autoimmune diseases will be guiding innovative immunointerventions.

Child ; Dermatomyositis ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electromyography ; Glucocorticoids ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Child ; Humans ; Macrophage Activation Syndrome ; diagnosis

As the hallmark sequelae of juvenile dermatomyositis(JDM),the calcinosis still bothers approxi-mately one third of the patients,but it was considered a good prognostic sign. Today,however,it is universally acknow-ledged that the calcinosis is instead deemed a marker of the special state and inappropriate treatment for JDM. The treatment of based on disease process,including the biological agents and other immunomodulator,which have been not the radical therapy. However,it is a crucial to alleviate the calcinosis that controlling the long - term chronic inflamma-tion for JDM.

The common mucosal immunological system is an important anatomical basis of the allergic disorders.Its function is not only regulated by the susceptibility gene,but also affected the development because of the early life exposure to antibiotics.It is the tangible that early life antibiotic-driven changes in mucosal immune enhance susceptibility to allergic disorders of respiratory system.A holistic approach to study the mucosal immune system as an integrated global organ is imperative for future advances in understanding mucosal immunology and for future treatment of the allergic disorders.This review will be focus on the latest evidence and the mechanisms in driving the lung-gutcross-talk.

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized with arthritis in one or more joints,fever,rash and serositis.Due to the atypical symptoms and poor prognosis,it's a great challenge in the clinical diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation in sJIA.These challenges could be addressed by the identification of clinical biomarkers,aiming at evaluating the disease severity,predicting the activity and prognosis of sJIA.This review will be focus on genetics,serum and cellular markers in sJIA and summarize the relative application on diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To study surgical techniques for the treatment of traumatic recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Methods A total of 21 cases of traumatic dislocation of the peroneal tendons from 1986 to 2003 were treated with the Watson-Jones operation. Results A follow-up series was carried out in 15 cases for 1~15 years (mean, 4.9 years). Recurrence of dislocation occurred in 1 case, as a result of trauma, while the rest of 14 cases had returned to normal sports or competitions. Conclusions The Watson-Jones operation for recurrent dislocation is technically feasible and minimally invasive, offering satisfactory outcomes.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health issue,especially in the Asian-Pacific region.At present,entecavir,tenofovir,and pegylated interferon are the first-line antiviral drugs recommended by related guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B;however,different national/regional policies,economic level,coverage of health insurance,and medical level have caused the difference in antiviral regimens.Therefore,we have established a long-term follow-up cohort of hepatitis B to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment regimens,in order to improve the cure rate of hepatitis B and reduce the incidence rates of liver cirrhosis,liver cancer,and end-stage liver disease.Real-world data from cohort study help to understand the differences between guidelines and clinical practice,provide a reference for HBV guidelines,and balance clinical effect and cost-effectiveness.

Objective To explore the effects of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells after transplantation in rats. Methods Small intestinal transplantation was performed in SD and Wistar rats. The recipients were divided into three groups: isograft group (Wistar→Wistar group), allograft group (SD→Wistar group) and allograft+cyclosporine A group (SD→Wistar+CsA group). The grafts were harvested on day 1, 3, 5 and 7 after operation. All graft samples were subjected to histological examination. The apoptosis of graft epithelial cells was detected by TUNEL method. p38 MAPK was measured by Western-blotting method and serum TNF-? was determined by ELISA. Results Mild, moderate and severe rejection reaction occurred in the SD→Wistar group, it was showed that the number of apoptotic cells increased with the severity of the rejection reaction by TUNEL. In SD→Wistar group, the numbers of apoptotic cells were significantly higher than those of the other two groups (P0.05). The expression of p38 MAPK and the level of serum TNF-? were positively correlated with apoptosis in small intestinal rejection after transplantation (r=0.875, P