To investigate the relationship between adolescent sport activity and abnormalities of the lumbar spine on radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 237 collegiate athletes (mean age 19.4), representing judo, wrestling, and track, were analyzed from the point of contact or noncontact sports. Radiologic and/or MRI abnormalities of the lumbar spine were found in 68.7% of contact sports athletes (judo and wrestling, n=147), 53.3% of noncontact sports athletes (track, n=90), 69.9% of athletes who have played contact sports over 9 years (C9 athletes, n=83), and 47.1% of atheletes who have done noncontact sports over 9 years (N9 athletes, n=17). Discopathy related abnormalities on radiologic examination were found in 25.3% and 11.8% of C9 and N9 athletes. Disc degeneration on MRI was found in 45.8% and 29.4% of C9 and N9 athletes. Spondylolysis was found in 31.3% of C9, 5.9% of N9, 31.3% of elementary-C (athletes who played contact sports during elementary school, n=96), 32.8% of elementary-L/I (limited contact/impact sports, n=58), and 8.6% of elementary-N athletes (noncontact sports, n=35), respectively. From these results, we concluded that contact sports activity during adolescence induces lumbar spine abnormalities at a higher rate compared to noncontact sports and that spondylolysis is related to contact or limited contact/impact sport activity during elementary school.

We conducted an overseas mobile clinic in Lao PDR and examined the results of biochemical tests and blood examinations. For the biochemical tests, we used a method involving plasma skimming film and filter paper, called “plasma separation plate.” In this study, we report the usefulness of the plasma separation plate, which is a newly developed method for the screening of biochemical tests in Japan. We were able to apply this method in a mobile clinic in Lao PDR. The quantitative concentration of plasma from blood collected from pricked fingers was measured by this method. Using the plasma skimming film and filter paper, the non-cell components in the blood were separated, and a quantity of the plasma was adsorbed by filter paper. Neither elaborate equipment nor electricity was required. The results of our test data indicated that few inhabitants suffered from adult diseases for which we were screening. We concluded, therefore, that this method is suitable for use in mobile clinics in the rural areas of developing countries.

  To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports on acquirement of medical skills of infection control using a scenario simulation program. We report the development of a education program using scenario-based simulation named Infection Control Training Course （ICTC）. The three main aims of this course are basic comprehension of standard precautions and contact precautions, acquirement of skills for wearing and removal of personal protective equipment （PPE）, and precise selection of PPE for various situations.
・For the materials and methods, 225 medical staff members taking part in the ICTC at TMU participated in the study. Investigations using a questionnaire about standard precaution, contact precaution and PPE selection were carried out for the pre-course and post-course of the day. In addition, the satisfaction level was evaluated using free score text.
・The return rates of the completed questionnaire for investigating these areas were 88.4% （pre-course） and 95.1% （post-course）. Among all the items investigated, improvements were verified statistically （Wilcoxon signed-rank test）. The satisfaction level was 94.7 ± 9.4 points.
・In conclusion, the ICTC was considered to be effective for acquiring medical skills of infection control, particularly basic comprehension regarding standard precaution, contact precaution and precise PPE selection using a scenario simulation program.

In cancer chemotherapy, it is very important to take into account the patient’s background. In recent years, a simple suspension method has attracted increased attention as a method that prevents changes in the stability and safety of various drugs. However, of 135 oral anticancer drugs, only 28 have been examined using this method, as of April 2013. In this study, we carefully investigated whether 53 oral anticancer drugs could be adapted to the simple suspension method, except for the 28 drugs that had already been previously reported. The results showed that most of these oral anticancer drugs could be adapted to the simple suspension method. Of seven drugs that were not adapted, six were generic drugs. In addition, it was clear that the evaluation of bicalutamide tablets was significantly different from our expected results. In conclusion, we were able to qualitatively assess all 53 oral anticancer drugs. This is equivalent to half of 107 untested drugs. These results provide useful information to cancer patients using oral anticancer drugs prepared using the simple suspension method.

OBJECTIVE: It is well documented that clozapine treatment causes agranulocytosis, but it can also induce drowsiness, constipation, and hypersalivation; however, these symptoms are usually less severe. It has been reported that clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and psychiatric healthcare professionals consider different side effects to be important. The aim of this study was to assess current practice related to the side effects of clozapine in clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and psychiatric healthcare professionals in Japan. METHODS: Data were collected from January 2014 to August 2015 in Okehazama Hospital, Kakamigahara Hospital, and Numazu Chuo Hospital. Clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and psychiatric healthcare professionals (psychiatrists and pharmacists) were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Of the 106 patients and 120 psychiatric healthcare professionals screened, 100 patients and 104 healthcare professionals were included in this study. We asked the patients what side effects caused them trouble and we asked psychiatric healthcare professionals what side effects caused them concern. The patients and psychiatrists held similarly positive views regarding the efficacy of clozapine. The healthcare professionals were concerned about agranulocytosis (92.4%), blood routines (61.3%). On the other hand, the patients experienced hypersalivation (76.0%), sleepiness (51.0%). A positive correlation (R=0.696) was found between patient satisfaction and DAI-10 score. CONCLUSION: Patients experienced more problems than healthcare professionals expected. However, usage experience of clozapine healthcare professionals tended to have similar results to patients. It is necessary that all healthcare professionals fully understand the efficacy and potential side effects of clozapine. This is very important for promoting clozapine treatment in Japan.
Agranulocytosis ; Clozapine* ; Constipation ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Hand ; Humans ; Japan* ; Patient Satisfaction ; Psychiatry ; Schizophrenia* ; Sialorrhea ; Sleep Stages

To administer oral anticancer drugs safely, the simple suspension method has been introduced in many hospitals. Therefore, concerning drugs for which it is unclear whether or not this method is applicable, testing must be able to be conducted at any time. In this study, we investigated 20 oral anticancer drugs to expand information on the application of the simple suspension method. Disintegration/suspension and permeability tests were conducted, as described in the 3rd version of the Tube Administration Handbook for Oral Drugs. All products were disintegrated/suspended after 10 minutes. On permeability tests, there was no residue in any tube for tubal feeding. On the final evaluation, the products were regarded as suitable (grade 1). Bicalutamide tablets (80 mg, TCK and KN), which were analyzed in this study, were regarded as suitable (grade 1) on the final evaluation. On the other hand, the simple suspension method is not applicable for a brand-name drug, Casodex^® tablets (80 mg). This may be related to the different additives. Furthermore, the results suggest that, even when the simple suspension method is not applicable for a brand-name drug, it may become applicable for generic drugs. This may provide a new merit for promoting the use of generic drugs.

Purpose: Despite widespread adoption of open abdominal management (OAM), there is currently no threshold criterion for OAM duration for non-trauma patients. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between morbidity and the duration of OAM, but an uncertain relationship with patients’ age. Therefore, a novel clinical index for the duration of open abdominal management (IDOM) was developed based on the patient’s age and risk of severe complications following OAM to indicate the maximum tolerable number of days of OAM based on the individual’s age. The utility of this new index was evaluated. Methods: This retrospective study included 65 non-trauma patients managed with an open abdomen (OA) from August 2015 to August 2018. The IDOM was developed based on the patient’s age. The result indicated the maximum number of OA days. Patients’ demographic and operative variables were examined and patient data was assigned to one of two groups according to whether the actual number of OA days was above or below the calculated IDOM. Prevalence of complications between these groups was compared. Measures of validity were employed to assess the utility of the IDOM for patient complications. Results: Sixty-five patients were included. The above-the calculated IDOM group exhibited a significantly longer OA and higher rates of wound complications and postoperative respiratory complications compared with the below the calculated IDOM group. The IDOM predicted the incidence of OA-related complications with a sensitivity of 72.4%, and a specificity of 80.6%. Conclusion The IDOM is a potentially useful tool for appropriate duration at the outset of OA.

Background/Aims: The etiology of superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) remains unclear. Recent studies have reported conflicting associations between duodenal tumor development and Helicobacter pylori infection or endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy. As such, the present study aimed to clarify the relationship between SNADETs and H. pylori infection and/or endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy. Methods: This retrospective case-control study reviewed data from 177 consecutive patients with SNADETs who underwent endoscopic or surgical resection at seven institutions in Japan over a three-year period. The prevalence of endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy and the status of H. pylori infection were compared in 531 sex- and age-matched controls selected from screening endoscopies at two of the seven participating institutions. Results: For H. pylori infection, 85 of 177 (48.0%) patients exhibited SNADETs and 112 of 531 (21.1%) control patients were non-infected (p<0.001). Non-atrophic mucosa (C0 to C1) was observed in 96 of 177 (54.2%) patients with SNADETs and 112 of 531 (21.1%) control patients (p<0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that non-atrophic gastric mucosa was an independent risk factor for SNADETs (odds ratio, 5.10; 95% confidence interval, 2.44–8.40; p<0.001). Conclusions Non-atrophic gastric mucosa, regardless of H. pylori infection status, was a factor independently associated with SNADETs.