It is recently observed that there is in a tendency toward obesity or deficiency of endurance to the physique among schoolchildren. Consequently there is much interest for exercise through our nation.
Noting these facts, we conducted experiments similar to those previously reported for getting basic data of body composition, by loading 28-days exercise on male rats on 8 percent and 20 percent casein diets.
1. The food intake of the exercise groups was smaller than that of the control in each pair. During the exercise period, food intake of group II also showed similar decreases to those in group I, however, during the rest period, food intakes increased as compared to those of the control. In comparison of caloric requirement for 1g increase of body weight, exercised rats showed higher calories than the control in exercise periods. In the rest period, however, these caloric values decreased as compared with the control.
2. For organ weight per 100g of body weight, significant difference was observed in the heart and kidneys. The gastrocnemius muscles showed almost similar values to the control. The liver and testes did not differ in the weights per 100g of fat free mass of body between the exercise and the control groups.
3. The water contents (%) in the carcasses of exercised rats each fed the 8% and 20% casein diets in group I and I' differed significantly when compared with the control animals, but there was no difference in the water contents of the organs of all groups.
4. In the case of exercised rats in groups I and I', body lipid contents (%) were significantly lower than that of the control group, irrespective of the protein levels in the diets. On the other hand, for rats fed the 8% casein diet in group II, there was no difference in lipid content (%) in the carcasses as compared with the control rats. In the 8% and 20% casein diet groups, lipid contents (%) in the liver of exercised rats in groups I and I' also decreased considerably compared with the control level. In group II, the lipid content in the liver recovered to the control level or had a tendency to increase slightly.
5. The differences of body weight between the control and the exercised rats in each group were nearly equal to the difference of the sum of body lipids and water contents in the whole body between the two groups. From these data, it was suggested that the differences of body weight in each group between the exercised and control rats could be explained as the changes of lipids and water contentes in the body.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 15 healthy male adult Papua New Guinea highlanders who live on a sweet-potato staple diet were examined by the indirect energy metabolims measuring method from October to December in both 1980 and 1982.
In experment 1, 5 subjects followed a rice diet (RD) for 13 days and then switched to a low-protein rice diet (LPRD) for another 13 days. Mean RMR in the last 2-3 days of each diet period was 22.1±2.7 and 21.2±1.4 kcal/kg body weight/day (35.1±4.1 and 33.6±2.6 kcal/m²/hr), respectively.
In experiment 2, 5 subjects followed a sweet-potato diet (S-PD) for 14 days and then switched to a low-protein sweet-potato diet (LPS-PD) for another 14 days. Mean BMR in the last 2-3 days of each diet period was 21.2±1.9 and 22.1±1.6 kcal/kg body weight/day (32.3±2.3 and 33.3±2.2 kcal/m²/hr), respectively.
In experiment 3, 5 subjects were fed with a protein-free diet (PFD) for 11 days. Mean BMR in the last 2-3 days of this period was 25.3±2.2 kcal/kg body weight/day (38.3±4.0 kcal/m²/hr).
Mean BMR measured within 2-3 days following the start of each of experiments 1, 2 and 3 was 24.7±2.3 kcal/kg body weight/day (38.0±3.3 kcal/m²/hr) in all subjects (15 persons) . We considered this value to be their usual BMR (control) .
The subjects apparently followed a diet of similar content to the sweet-potato diet before the start of this experiment, but mean BMR of the S-PD group was significantly lower than the control value.
On the oter hand, mean BMR of the RD and PFD groups, having a higher protein intake than obtained from their usual diet, was similar to the control value. We thought from the above results that protein intake levels do not influence BMR, although no clear explanation could be found for the results.
In addition, we found that the Papua New Guinea highlanders showed high respiratory quotients (0.91-0.99) under such BMR measurement conditions, and we discussed this finding.

In order to obtain certain basic data to he used in planning a physical training program for archers, we carried out physical constitution and fitness tests on six male members of a university archery club (20 to 21 years), after checking the actual bow weights they usually used. Parallel to these examinations we made the subjects launch three shots and run a distance of 30 meters to and fro to recover the arrows. Their energy consumption during this training and at rest was measured to clarify the intensity of archery training. The results are as follows :
1) In body height and body weight there was no difference between our subjects and the Olympic candidates in a training session, however, it was evident that the former had a smaller girth of chest than the latter did.
2) As to physical strength, there was no difference between our subjects and the Olympic candidates, in other factors except in shoulder-arm muscles strength which the subjects were slightly weaker than the Olympic candidates.
3) A positive correlation was found between the actual bow weight and shoulderarm muscle strength of archers, and the correlation coefficient was +0.73 in push and +0.50 in pull.
4) As a result of a basal metabolism test, the mean value was 38.3 kcal/m2/hr, which corresponds approximately with the mean value calculated from the standard basal metabolic rate.
5) A positive correlation was found between the total energy consumption and body weight or surface area of archers, and the correlation coefficient was +0.73 in body weight and +0.76 in surface area. A negative correlation was found between the total energy consumption and a year of experience, obtaining correlation coefficient of -0.68.
6) A relative metabolic rate was obtained from the caloric consumption during training ; the highest value was 2.7 and the lowest 1.9, while the mean was 2.2.