Objective: To investigate the rational use of antibiotics in the elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection.Methods: A retrospective investigation was used to analyze the drug resistance of 86 cases of elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection.The data were collected from the consultation records of clinical pharmacists in Xuanwu hospital from February 2013 to November 2015.Results: The pathogenic bacteria mainly distributed to Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the drug resistance rate was 48.89%.After the consultation, the rate of combination therapy increased from 20.23% to 61.63%.After using sensitive antibiotics, such as cefperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-sulbactar and amikacin, the infectious indices recovered significantly (P＜0.05).The case proportion with BUN/SrCr＞20 in 27 cases complicated with impaired renal function was 62.9%, and although the patients didn''t use antibiotics with reduced doses, the indices of infection and renal function improved in a certain degree (P＜0.05).The case proportion with ALB and PAB decreasing was 53.49%, and after the consultation, all the infectious indices decreased and protein levels increased (P＜0.05).Conclusion: More attention should be paid to the elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection, and sensitive antibiotics with single or combination drug therapy should be used according to the distribution of resistant bacteria.For the renal failure patients, the kind of renal failure should be clear, and then the appropriate dosage of antibiotics should be adjusted.For the patients with malnutrition, adequate protein intake contributes to the recovery of infection.The clinical symptoms and laboratory indices should be integrated to effectively develop rational treatment for the elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection.

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation of Pinellia ternata agglutinin (PTA) and toxicity of P. ternata raphides and to find out the toxic mechanism of P. ternata.

METHODPTA has obvious effect of pro-inflammation. The model of rats peritonitis was used to study the dose-toxicity and time-toxicity relationship of the effect by detecting the releases of inflammatory mediators PGE2 in the exudates. The model of Draize rabbit eye test was applied to determine the correlation of PTA and toxicity of raphides by pathological examination.

RESULTPTA enhanced the content of PGE2 and protein in rats peritoneal cavities concentration dependently. With PTA concentration increased, PTA enhanced the inflammation induced by raphides to rabbit eyes, but PTA alone had no toxicity response.

CONCLUSIONPTA had obvious effect of pro-inflammation. The toxic mechanism of P. ternata was PTA induced inflammation only when the raphides pierce into the organization.

Agglutinins ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Animals ; Eye ; drug effects ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; Male ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo study and compare the changes of toxicity of Euphorbia pekinensis, E. kansui and E. ebracteolata before and after being prepared by vinegar.

METHODSmall intestinal accentuation of mice and peritoneal macrophage NO release experiments were assessed to investigate the changes of toxicity of the three Chinese Medicines of Euphorbia before and after being prepared.

RESULTE. pekinensis, E. kansui and E. ebracteolata and vinegar can obviously promot small intestinal accentuation and peritoneal macrophage NO release with the intensity of toxicity in the order of E. kansui > E. pekinensis > E. ebracteolata. After being prepared with vinegar, the toxicity of the three medicines decreased obviously compared to crude one.

CONCLUSIONE. pekinensis, E. kansui and E. ebracteolata can induce inflammation and accelerate enterokinesis. After being prepared with vinegar, the irritation on Euphorbia decreased obviously.

Acetic Acid ; chemistry ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Euphorbia ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Female ; Intestine, Small ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Nitric Oxide ; analysis ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo explore new toxicity-reducing methods of Pinellia Rhizoma prepared by ethanol and the latest technical parameters.

METHODPinellia Rhizoma is prepared with ethanol. The orthogonal experimental design was adopted for investigating amount of ethanol, preparing time, ethanol concentration and preparing temperature. The optimal technology was determined by the comprehensive score of toxicological indicators of PGE2 content of rat celiac percolate, with the rabbit conjunctival irritation test as the intuitive validation on toxicology reduction. The pharmacodynamics validation was used to determine the reasonability of the preparation process.

RESULTThe optimal technology was that Pinellia Rhizoma was prepared by 75% ethanol at the temperature of 60 degrees C by 4 days, and then dried. The effect of relieving cough, reducing sputum and anti-inflammatory of Pinellia Rhizoma is not reduced after prepared by ethanol.

CONCLUSIONThe optimal technology of Pinellia Rhizoma prepared by ethanol is simple and reasonable that it can be used as the new method to reduce toxicity and keep efficacy of Pinellia Rhizoma.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Cough ; drug therapy ; Desiccation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Sputum ; drug effects ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Time Factors ; Toxicity Tests

Objective:Using bibliometrics to study the international literature on fat transplantation in recent 10 years, and to explore the research status, hot spots and development trend in this field.Methods:Literatures related to fat transplantation research from 2011 to 2020 were searched through the core collection of Web of Science database, and the literatures were screened strictly according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was conducted on the year, journal, first author, number of articles published by countries and institutions, and distribution of disciplines by bibliometrics. Citespace5.7.R5W software was used for co-citation analysis of the included literatures. Cooccurrence analysis and emergent word analysis were also carried out on the keywords in the literature. VOSviewer1.6.16 software was used to perform visual clustering of terms in the title and abstract of the included literature to reveal hot topics and research frontiers.Results:A total of 4 901 papers were included, and the number of annual publications continued to increase from 2011 to 2020. The top three publications during the study period were Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (320 papers), Aesthetic Surgery Journal (171 papers), and PLoS One (113 papers). The first authors were Rafael Denadai (13 papers), Gentile Pietro(12 papers), Khouri Roger(6 papers). The most productive countries and institutions in this field were the United States (1 646 papers), China (853 papers), and Italy (383 papers). The organizations with the largest number of publications were the University of Pittsburgh (96 papers), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (78 papers), and Milan University (63 papers). There were 87 research categories in the literature related to fat transplantation, of which surgery was involved mostly. Visual analysis of Cites Pace5.7.R5W software showed that 4 901 references had established a co-citation network consisting of 381 nodes, 608 links and 12 clusters. There were 69 599 keywords in the literature, and the top five keywords from high to low were "transplantation" "adipose tissue" "stem-cell" "tissue" , and "obesity" . In the literature, the keywords with the highest intensity of outburst was "outcome" , and the keywords with the longest duration of outburst was "cartilage" . In recent years, the five keywords with outburst were "liver disease" "trial" "stromal vascular fraction" "outcome" , and " Akkermansia muciniphila" . VOSviewer1.6.16 software visualization clustering result showed that the application of fat transplantation in plastic surgery, the source of adipose tissue and its survival mechanism in vivo, and the laboratory research on fat regeneration were the three hot spots in the field of fat transplantation technology. Conclusions:The research on fat transplantation is on the rise in the world, and research institutions at home and abroad are conducting in-depth exploration on fat transplantation. Recent research focuses on improving the long-term survival rate of fat transplantation, and the research level is gradually in-depth at the molecular level.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum extract against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced acute liver injury(ALI)and its molecular mechanism.Methods The main chemical constituents of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum were obtained through literature search,and their pharmacological mechanisms were predicted using bioinformatics analysis.In a mouse model of APAP-induced ALI,the protective effects of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg total flavonoids of Salvia miltiorrhiza and 150 mg/kg bifidus were evaluated by observing changes in blood biochemistry and liver histopathology and detecting expressions of the key proteins in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Results Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the main active components in total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum for regulating APAP-induced liver injury included quercetin,lignocerol,caruric acid,and kaempferol,for which GO function enrichment analysis yielded 632 GO entries,including 472 involving biological processes,42 involving cellular composition,and 118 involving molecular function.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum regulated APAP-induced liver injury mainly through ferroptosis-related signaling pathway.In mice with APAP-induced ALI,treatment with the total flavonoids significantly lowered ALT and AST levels,improved liver histopathology and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduced iron deposition in liver tissues,improved lipid peroxidation-related indexes,promoted the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,SLC7A11,and GPX-4 proteins,and inhibited the expression of keap1 protein.Conclusion The total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum alleviate APAP-induced ALI in mice possibly by suppressing hepatocyte ferroptosis via activating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX-4 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum extract against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced acute liver injury(ALI)and its molecular mechanism.Methods The main chemical constituents of total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum were obtained through literature search,and their pharmacological mechanisms were predicted using bioinformatics analysis.In a mouse model of APAP-induced ALI,the protective effects of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg total flavonoids of Salvia miltiorrhiza and 150 mg/kg bifidus were evaluated by observing changes in blood biochemistry and liver histopathology and detecting expressions of the key proteins in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Results Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the main active components in total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum for regulating APAP-induced liver injury included quercetin,lignocerol,caruric acid,and kaempferol,for which GO function enrichment analysis yielded 632 GO entries,including 472 involving biological processes,42 involving cellular composition,and 118 involving molecular function.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum regulated APAP-induced liver injury mainly through ferroptosis-related signaling pathway.In mice with APAP-induced ALI,treatment with the total flavonoids significantly lowered ALT and AST levels,improved liver histopathology and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduced iron deposition in liver tissues,improved lipid peroxidation-related indexes,promoted the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,SLC7A11,and GPX-4 proteins,and inhibited the expression of keap1 protein.Conclusion The total flavonoids of Salvia divinorum alleviate APAP-induced ALI in mice possibly by suppressing hepatocyte ferroptosis via activating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX-4 signaling pathway.

Objective:Using bibliometrics to study the international literature on fat transplantation in recent 10 years, and to explore the research status, hot spots and development trend in this field.Methods:Literatures related to fat transplantation research from 2011 to 2020 were searched through the core collection of Web of Science database, and the literatures were screened strictly according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was conducted on the year, journal, first author, number of articles published by countries and institutions, and distribution of disciplines by bibliometrics. Citespace5.7.R5W software was used for co-citation analysis of the included literatures. Cooccurrence analysis and emergent word analysis were also carried out on the keywords in the literature. VOSviewer1.6.16 software was used to perform visual clustering of terms in the title and abstract of the included literature to reveal hot topics and research frontiers.Results:A total of 4 901 papers were included, and the number of annual publications continued to increase from 2011 to 2020. The top three publications during the study period were Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (320 papers), Aesthetic Surgery Journal (171 papers), and PLoS One (113 papers). The first authors were Rafael Denadai (13 papers), Gentile Pietro(12 papers), Khouri Roger(6 papers). The most productive countries and institutions in this field were the United States (1 646 papers), China (853 papers), and Italy (383 papers). The organizations with the largest number of publications were the University of Pittsburgh (96 papers), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (78 papers), and Milan University (63 papers). There were 87 research categories in the literature related to fat transplantation, of which surgery was involved mostly. Visual analysis of Cites Pace5.7.R5W software showed that 4 901 references had established a co-citation network consisting of 381 nodes, 608 links and 12 clusters. There were 69 599 keywords in the literature, and the top five keywords from high to low were "transplantation" "adipose tissue" "stem-cell" "tissue" , and "obesity" . In the literature, the keywords with the highest intensity of outburst was "outcome" , and the keywords with the longest duration of outburst was "cartilage" . In recent years, the five keywords with outburst were "liver disease" "trial" "stromal vascular fraction" "outcome" , and " Akkermansia muciniphila" . VOSviewer1.6.16 software visualization clustering result showed that the application of fat transplantation in plastic surgery, the source of adipose tissue and its survival mechanism in vivo, and the laboratory research on fat regeneration were the three hot spots in the field of fat transplantation technology. Conclusions:The research on fat transplantation is on the rise in the world, and research institutions at home and abroad are conducting in-depth exploration on fat transplantation. Recent research focuses on improving the long-term survival rate of fat transplantation, and the research level is gradually in-depth at the molecular level.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the synergistic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) and cyclosporine A (CsA) on the survival of renal allografts in rats.

METHODSRenal allograft transplantation was performed using BN rats as donors and LEW rats as recipients. Forty male LEW rats were randomized into 4 equal groups for interventions with DMSO-PBS (control), OA, CsA, or CsA+OA, starting from 1 day before transplantation. Serum creatinine levels were regularly examined, and the survival of rats were recorded. On day 5 after transplantation, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell infiltration in the renal grafts was analyzed by immunohistochemistry; the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17), anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and chemokines (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP, and Mig) were analyzed with Luminex; the T-cell phenotypes (IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-17) were analyzed using ELISpot.

RESULTSIn OA+CsA group, renal allograft survival was markedly prolonged and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell infiltration in the graft significantly decreased as compared to other groups. A significant decrease in IL-2 was observed in OA group and OA+CsA group, especially the latter. Compared with the control group, all the 3 treated groups showed significantly decreased IL-1β, IP-10 and MCP-1, increased IL-10 levels, decreased percentages of T cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17, and increased percentage of T cells secreting IL-10. The increments of serum IL-10 level and T cell percentage were more prominent in OA+CsA group than in the other two intervention groups.

CONCLUSIONSOA and CsA synergistically ameliorate renal graft rejection and inflammation and promote allograft survival and function in rats.

Animals ; Cyclosporine ; pharmacology ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Drug Synergism ; Graft Survival ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Oleanolic Acid ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred BN ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; Transplantation, Homologous

Objective To investigate the correlations of P2Y1 and ITGB3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with aspirin resistance (AR) in patients with large atherosclerotic stroke (LAA) in a Chinese Han population.Methods Patients with first-ever LAA from Anhui stroke registration system were enrolled.Thrombus elasticity diagram was used to detect the platelet function.TaqMan technology was used to detect the P2Y1 and ITGB3 genotypes.Results A total of 206 patients with LAA were enrolled.Thirty-one patients (15.0％) had AR and 175 (85.0％) were aspirin sensitive (AS).The frequency of P2Y1 rs701265 G allele in the AR group was significantly higher than that in the AS group (43.5％ vs.26.9％;x2 =7.074,P=0.008).The frequency of P2Y1 rs701265 AA genotype in the AR group was significantly lower than that in the AS group (32.3％ vs.53.7％;x2 =4.850,P=0.028).There were no significant significances in the frequencies of P2Y1 rs1065776 and ITGB3 rs5918 alleles and genotypes between the AR group and the AS group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that P2Y1 rs701265 G allele was an independent risk factor for AR in patients with LAA (odds ratio 2.186,95％ confidence interval 1.190-4.016;P=0.012).Conclusion The P2Y1 rs701265 polymorphism is associated with AR in Chinese Han patients with LAA,while the P2Y1 rs1065776 and ITGB3 rs5918 polymorphisms are not.