OBJECTIVE: To observe the regulatory effect of SNMC on the gene expression of the Smad family in pulmonary fibrosis model rats.METHODS: A total of 174 rats were assigned to 6 groups: normal group,model group,positive prednisolone acetate group,SNMC(20,15,10 mL?kg-1?d-1) groups,with the latter 5 groups treated with bleomycin injection to induce pulmonary fibrosis model.At 24 h after modeling,the rats in 6 groups were treated with corresponding drugs day by day before being sacrificed at 1,12,28 days after first-time treatment for extracting of RNA from pulmonary tissues.The expression levels of Smad3,Smad4 and Smad7 were assayed by RT-PCR respectively.RESULTS: As compared with model group,the expression levels of Smad4 and Smad7 genes were down-regulated but the expression level of Smad3 gene was up-regulated in SNMC groups,whereas the expression levels of 3 kinds of genes were all down-regulated in positive prednisolone acetate group.CONCLUSION: SNMC is more effective than prednisolone acetate in reversing the abnormal expression of Smad family in pulmonary fibrosis model rats.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the antagonistic effect of compound glycyrrhizin on bleomycin A5-induced pul-monary fibrosis of rats.METHODS:Pulmonary fibrosis model was built by injecting bleomycin A5to tracheas of SD rats in one time,the next day,control groups were administered with compound glycyrrhizin and prednisolone acetate,21days after administration,organ coefficients,pathology,areas of alveolar septum,areas of the inflammatory cells and the integral pho-todensity of the pulmonary tissues were detected and analyzed.RESULTS:As compared with the model group,the compound glycyrrhizin group had a diminished organ coefficient,ameliorated pathological change for pulmonary tissues and reduced areas of alveolar septum(P0.05).CONCLUSION:Compound glycyrrhizin has antagonistic effect on pulmonary fibrosis of model rats.

Objective To evaluate the role of autophagy in survival of hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in damaged tissues resulting from spinal cord ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods In vitro experiment Rat BMSCs were seeded in 12-well plates at a density of 1× 106 cells/ml (1 ml/well) , and randomly divided into 6 groups (n =30 wells each) : control group (group C) , normoxia-incubated group (group N) , hypoxic preconditioning (HP) group (group H), HP + AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C group (group HC), HP + autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine group (group HM) and HP + mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin group (group HR).In HC, HM and HR groups, 10 mmol/L Compound C, 5 mmol/L 3-methyladenine and 10 nmol/L rapamycin were added to the culture medium, respectively, at 3 h before HP.Twelve wells in each group were selected, and the expression of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) , phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅰ (LC3 Ⅰ), and LC3 Ⅱ in BMSCs was determined.Eighteen wells in each group were selected, and BMSCs were co-cultured with 500 μ mmol/L H2O2 for 24 h, the survival and apoptotic rate of BMSCs were measured, and the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were detected.In vivo experiment Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 300-350 g, aged 3 months, underwent spinal cord I/R.A total of 192 rats with spinal cord I/R injury were randomly divided into C, N, H, HC, HM and HR groups (n =32 each) using a random number table.At 30 min of reperfusion, BMSC suspension 5 μ l (1×106 cells/ml) processed in N, H, HC, HM and HR groups of in vitro experiment was implanted into the lumbar segment (L1-5) of the spinal cord in N, H, HC, HM and HR groups, respectively.Neurological function was scored at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h of reperfusion.The lumbar segment of spinal cord was removed for detection of apoptosis in BMSCs.Results In vitro experiment Compared with group N, the p-AMPK expression, LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ and survival rate were significantly increased, and p-mTOR expression, apoptotic rate and activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were decreased in group H (P＜0.05).Compared with group H, the p-AMPK expression, LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ and survival rate were significantly decreased, and p-mTOR expression, apoptotic rate and activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were increased in group HC, LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ and survival rate were decreased, and apoptotic rate and activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were increased in group HM, and p-mTOR expression, apoptotic rate and activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were decreased, and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ and survival rate were increased in group HR (P＜0.05).In vivo experiment Compared with group N, the neurological function scores were significantly increased, and the number of apoptotic BMSCs was decreased in group H (P＜0.05).Compared with group H, neurological function scores were significantly decreased,and the number of apoptotic BMSCs was increased in HC and HM groups (P＜O.05).Conclusion Enhanced autophagy is involved in survival of hypoxia-preconditioned BMSCs in damaged tissues resulting from spinal cord I/R injury, and the mechanism is associated with activated AMPK/mTOR pathway in rats.

Objective To evaluate the effect of lactulose on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods One hundred forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3 months, weighing 300-350 g, in which gastric tube was successfully inserted, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=36 each) using a random number table: sham operation group (group S), spinal cord I/R group (group I/R), lactulose group (group L), and lactulose + antibiotics group (group LA).Spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the thoracic aorta combined with controlled hypotension for 9 min, followed by reperfusion.Lactulose 0.5 g/kg was administered intragastrically immediately after onset of reperfusion in group L.Metronidazole 30 mg/kg and gentamicin 40 mg/kg were administered intragastrically three times a day during 1-3 days before operation in group LA, and the other procedures were similar to those previously described in group L.Hydrogen concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was detected before ischemia and at 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after reperfusion.At 12, 24 and 48 h of reperfusion, 8 rats in each group were sacrificed, and the L3-5 segment of the spinal cord was isolated for determination of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression (by Western blot), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (by using xanthine oxidase method), catalase (CAT) activity (ammonium molybdate method), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (by ELISA).Neurological function was assessed and scored at 48 h of reperfusion.Six animals in each group were then sacrificed after assessment of neurological function, and the L3-5 segment of the spinal cord was removed for detection of apoptotic neurons.The cell survival rate and apoptotic rate were calculated.Results Compared with group S, no significant change was found in the hydrogen concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid at each time point, and in the level of Nrf2, CAT and SOD at 12, 24 and 48 h of reperfusion, the contents of 8-OHdG, 3-NT and MDA were significantly increased, the neurological scores and cell survival rate were decreased, and the apoptotic rate was increased in group I/R, and the hydrogen concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid at 30-180 min of reperfusion was increased, the level of Nrf2, CAT and SOD was increased at 12, 24 and 48 h of reperfusion, and no significant change was found in the contents of 8-OHdG, 3-NT and MDA, neurological scores, cell survival rate, and apoptotic rate in group L.Compared with group I/R, the hydrogen concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid at 30-180 min of reperfusion was increased, the level of Nrf2, CAT and SOD was increased, the contents of 8-OHdG, 3-NT and MDA were decreased, the neurological scores and cell survival rate were increased, and the apoptotic rate was decreased in group L, and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group LA.Conclusion Lactulose can reduce spinal cord I/R injury in rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of COMT G472A genetic polymorphism on postoperative analgesia with fentanyl.Methods One hundred and twenty-nine ASA I or Ⅱ patients aged 19-71 yr undergoing operation on lumbar vertebrae under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study.Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect the polymorphism of COMT G472A.The patients were assigned into 2 groups according to their genotypes:wild group and mutation group.Pain was assessed using VAS after the patients regained consciousness.When VAS score ＞ 3,the patients were given fentanyl 20μg iv every 5 win until VAS score was decreased to ≤ 3.PCIA was then started.The PCIA solution contained fentanyl 20 μg/kg + flurbiprofenaxetil 150-250 mg or propacetamol 4-6 g in normal saline 75 ml.The patients received a background infusion of 1 ml/h after a loading dose of 3 ml.The PCIA pump was programmed to allow a 0.5 ml bolus with a 15 min lockout interval.The amount of fentan yl infused in 24 h and 48 h was recorded.The amount of flurbiprofen (1 mg=fentanyl 1 μg) or propacetamol (1 g =fentanyl 37.5 μg) was transformed into fentanyl.Results Significantly less fentanyl was consumed in 48 h in mutation group ( n =49) than in wild group ( n =80).Conclusion COMT G472A is a factor contributing to the individual variation in patient' s response to postoperative analgesia with fentanyl.

Aim To explore the role of resveratrol (Res)on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by iso-proterenol (ISO)and the relationship with endoplas-mic reticulum stress (ERS).Methods Hypertrophic model of cardiomyocytes was induced by ISO.Hyper-trophy status of cardiomyocytes was determined by measuring the cell surface area and the gene expression of ANP.The value of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry,the content of LDH and MDA was measured in different groups,and the gene and protein expres-sions of GRP78 and CHOP were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot.Results Res could attentuate ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis by reducing the cell surface area,the gene expression of ANP and the value of apoptosis.Res could inhibit ERS by downregulating the gene and protein expression of GRP78 and CHOP.Meanwhile,the content of LDH and MDA was decreased.Conclusions The results suggest that treatment of Res may protect cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,which is partially mediated by inhibiting the expression of ERS factors GRP78 and CHOP.

AIM:To observe the role of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the regulation of pulmonary artery tension.METHODS:The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was detected by laser-scanning confocal micros-copy, and the pulmonary artery tension was determined by the pulmonary arterial ring technique .RESULTS: Increased levels of [Ca2+]o or Gd3+(an agonist of CaSR) induced the increase in [Ca2+]i and pulmonary artery constriction in a concentration-dependent manner.Additionally, the effects of Ca2+and Gd3+were inhibited by U73122 and D609 (specific inhibitor of PLC), and 2-APB and heparin (specific antagonist of IP3 receptor).However, U73343 (U73122 inactive ana-logue) did not take effect.CONCLUSION: CaSR may be involved in the regulation of pulmonary artery tension by in-creasing [Ca2+]i through G-protein-PLC-IP3 pathway.

objective To investigate the epidemiological and molecular typing features of the pathogenic Haemophilus influenzae(H.influenzae)by biotyping,serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE).Methods A total of 273 invasive isolates of H influenzae were collected from the pediatric patients with pneumonia at Chengdu Children Hospital of Sichuan province from 1988 and 2004 to 2007.The idenbfication of H.influenzae strains were done according to the laboratory standard methodology described by Manual of Clinical Microbiology(American).All strains were biotyped according to Kilian's classification with the API[R]NH system.And serotyped by a slide agglutination assay with type a to f specific antlaerum as described by Pittman.PCR method for identification of H.influenzae were performed as described by Falla.One hundred of 273 strains were analyzed by PFGE as described by Saito with some modifications.The resuIts of PFGE were analyzed by Bionumerics soft(Version 4.0,Applied Maths BVBA,Belium).Restilts 78.2%of 273 cases occurred under 1 years old.Eight biotypes were found among the 273 H.influenzae isolates.17.6%(48/273)of all isolates belonged to biotype Ⅰ,43.6%(119/273)were biotype Ⅱ,22.7%(62/273)were biotype Ⅲ,7.3%(20/273)were biotype Ⅳ,5.9%(16/273)were biotype Ⅴ,0.4%(1/273)were biotype Ⅵ,1.8%(5/273)were biotype Ⅶ and 0.7%(2/273)were biotype Ⅷ.respeetively.99.6% of all 273 isolates were nontypeable.There was only one isolate was serotvpe f Ninty-six PFGE genotypes were obtained in this study.One hundred strains demonstrated a variety of genomic Datterns by PFGE.The most isolates of the flame PFGE genotype(type 35)was 3 isolates.Each of93 PFGE genotypes was represented by only a single isolate.The genotypes distribution didn't correlate with the time distribution of the strains were isolated.Conclusion Nontypeable H.influenzae primarily caused acute Dneumoma in children under 1 years old.They mostly belonged to biotype Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ biotypes.The nontypeable H.influenzae strains appeared to more heterogeneous patterns by PFGE genotyping.Genotyping may helP understand the molecular characteristics of outbreak and endemicity according to the results of PFGE.PFGE genotyping proved to have a much stronger discriminatory power than either serotyping or biotyping.Our findings suggest that PFGE analysis is useful for the epidemiologieal study of H.influenzae infections.

Objective To investigate the relationship between electrolyte level change with prognosis in the patients with craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 360 patients with craniocerebral injury in this hospital during 2012-2015 were selected as the research subjects and divided into the mild craniocerebral injury group (171 cases),moderate craniocerebral injury group(104 cases)and severe craniocerebral injury group(85 cases) according to the Glasgow coma scale.The severe craniocerebral injury group was further divided into the high level blood sodium subgroup(73 cases)and stable level blood sodium subgroup(12 cases)according to the lev-el of blood sodium,meanwhile 70 persons undergoing healthy physical examination were selected as the control group.The plasma electrolyte levels(blood sodium,potassium,chloride)in each group were detected within 5 d after admission.Then the results were statistically analyzed.Results Compared with the control group,the blood sodium,potassium and chloride levels had no statistical difference between the mild and moderate craniocerebral injury groups(P>0.05).The blood sodium and chloride levels in the severe craniocerebral inju-ry group were higher than those in the mild and moderate craniocerebral injury groups,the difference was sta-tistically significant(P<0.01).The blood potassium level had no statistical difference between the mild,mod-erate and severe craniocerebral injury groups with control group(P>0.05).In the severe craniocerebral injury group,there were 58 cases(79.45%)of death in the high level blood sodium subgroup and 4 cases(33.33%) of death in the stable level blood sodium subgroup,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).Con-clusion Clinically monitoring the blood sodium level change in the patients with craniocerebral injury,espe-cially severe craniocerebral injury,is conducive to the disease recovery.