Autofluorescence has great advantage on detecting premalignant lesions and early cancers which are not detectable by conventional white light endoscopy (WLE). In this review, the recent advances in autofluorescence for diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early cancers are presented. Varieties of endogenous fluorophores in biological tissues, the potential mechanisms of the autofluorescence differences between normal and abnormal tissues, the selection of light source and optimal excitation wavelengths, and effective algorithms for processing autofluorescence data are highlighted. Finally, the shortages and improvement directions of autofluorescence technique for the diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early cancers are briefly discussed.
Early Detection of Cancer ; methods ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Fluorescence ; Humans

ObjectiveTo disclose the life quality of uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis in several bemodialysis institutions and its risk factors.MethodsLogistic model was applied to analysis between the risk factors and uremic patients by using the universal kidney disease quality of life short form (KDQOL-SFTM).Resuits①The scores of the patients kidney disease target area and short fort health survey questionnaire were worse than those of the common crowd ( RP:39.69 ± 19.56 vs 86.02 ± 18.75 ; BP:66.33 ± 21.65 vs 81.55 ±20.83 ; MH:58.92 ± 15.87 vs 73.23 ± 16.54 et al) ② The main affecting factors of the life quality for uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis was sex ( male group:female group 46.58 ± 21.67:50.37 ± 22.56,P ＜ 0.05 ),age ( ≥55y group:＜ 55y group 38.78 ± 16.78:57.78 ± 20.45,P ＜ 0.05 ),culture (above senior high school degree group:completed and below senior high school degree group 55.64 ± 21.85:42.59 ± 21.65 P ＜ 0.05 ),diabetes ( nondiabetes group:diabetes group 59.47 ± 18.69:47.67 ± 11.33,P ＜ 0.05 ),medical treatment guarantee ( unversichert group:versichert group 43.54 ± 16.85:56.56 ± 19.67,P ＜ 0.05 ),the state of earning and work ( employed group:nonemployed group,72.90 ± 12.56:60.87 ± 11.45,P ＜ 0.05 ) and so on.③The main affecting factors of the life quality for uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis were diabetes,medical treatment guarantee,age.ConclusionThe main affecting factors of the life quality for uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis are diabetes,medical treatment guarantee,age.

This paper firstly introduced concept,advantages,disadvantages,and application prospect of free indexing. Then the theoretical feasibility of applying free indexing in the images of TCM ancient literatures was discussed with the combination of their characteristics.In the end,the article made examples to illustrate the application of free indexing in related subjects.

Traditional capsule image collects and transmits analog image, with weak anti-interference ability, low frame rate, low resolution. This paper presents a new digital image capsule, which collects and transmits digital image, with frame rate up to 30 frames/sec and pixels resolution of 400 x 400. The image is compressed in the capsule, and is transmitted to the outside of the capsule for decompression and interpolation. A new type of interpolation algorithm is proposed, which is based on the relationship between the image planes, to obtain higher quality colour images. capsule endoscopy, digital image, SCCB protocol, image interpolation
Algorithms ; Capsule Endoscopy ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Objective To summarize the sonographic features of fetal limb deformity. Methods Systematic continuous sequence approach (SCSA) was performed with two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography(USG) in 28 383 fetuses to observe the fetal limb development, posture abnormality and other accompanied malformations. Compared with the pathological and radiological findings, the characteristics of fetal limb deformity on USG were summarized. Results Among 28 383 fetuses prenatal ultrasound detected 207 cases of fetal malformations (0.7%, 207/28 383) including 29 cases of limb deformities (14%, 29/207). In the 29 cases, there were osteogenesis imperfecta in 2 cases, syndactyly in 1 case, cleft hand deformities in 1 case, uncifom hand in 1 case, clubfoot deformity in 12 cases, cleft foot in 1 case, micromelia in 4 cases, limb body wall complex in 1 case, forearm defect in 2 cases, and radius absence in 4 cases. Chromosome karyotype analysis was conducted in 7/29 cases, of which 6 cases were normal and 1 case was trisomy-13 with syndactyly. In addition, the fetal limb deformities were found at 17-19 weeks of gestation in 4 cases, at 20-24 weeks in 23 cases, and at 25-33 weeks in 2 cases. In summary, 27/29 cases were identiifed at 17-24 weeks of gestation. Conclusions Prenatal ultrasound is the ifrst-choice method for screening of fetal limb deformity. The detection rate of limb deformity could be greatly improved by using SCSA method with the supplement of 3D ultrasound.

This study is to set up a method for separating,culturing and identifying neural stem cells from cortex in rat embryo,observing their characteristics of multipotentiality and differentiation in vitro. By using serum-free cell culturing and clone technology,the stem cells were isolated,cultured and passaged from cortex in 14-day old rat embryo. The expression of Nestin antigen of brain cells were investigated by immunocytochemistry and H-E staining. It proved that cells separated from cortex in rat embryo possessed the potential to form clones and express nestin special antigen,the differentiated cells could express special antigen of neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes,they were stem cells of central nervous system.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of target intervention in preventing catheter -related bloodstream infection ( CRBSI ) .Methods The targeted monitoring was launched by changing venepuncture site , reinforcing instructions in aseptic insertion technique and hand hygiene supervision ,avoiding femoral access and remo-ving unnecessary catheters ,venous puncture implemented by high qualification anesthesiologist ,then the incidence of CRBSI before and after the project was compared .Results The incidence of CRBSI after the project decreased signif-icantly from 17.97%to 4.32%,the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =40.82,P<0.05).Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis showed that the incidence of infection was increased in patients with catheter for longer than 10 days (χ2 =4.33,P<0.05),the incidence of CRBSI was decreased in patients that central venous puncture implemented by high qualification anesthesiologist (χ2 =9.21,P<0.05),and patients received catheter indwelling into femoral vein had increased incidence of CRBS (χ2 =7.45,P<0.05).Conclusion Indwelling catheter time, unskilled operator ,catheter site are risk factors in patients with CRBSI .In response to these factors ,we should develop interventions to maximize establish a protective barrier , improve the quality of the medical operation , prevent the occurrence of CRBSI more efficiently .

Objective To investigate the expression of TLR4 mRNA and NF-κB p65 in colorectal carcinomas and adjacent normal colon tissue, and evaluate their roles in the pathogenesis and development in colorectal carcinoma. Methods Sixty-three colorectal carcinoma samples and respective adjacent normal colon tissue samples ( well differentiated : 23 cases; moderately differentiated: 17 cases; poorly differentiated:20 cases; other differentiated type: 3 cases; lymph node metastasis: 27 cases; no lymph node metastasis:36 cases; Dukes A: 18cases;Dukes B: 14 cases Dukes C: 22 cases; Dukes D: 9 cases) were collected. The expression of TLR4 mRNA in colorectal carcinomas and adjacent tissue were detected by RT-PCR. The expression of NF-κB p65 was detected by WB. Results The expression of TLR4 mRNA in colorectal carcinomas and adjacent tissue were 86.42 ± 15.16 and 32.74 ± 9.44. It was significantly higher in carcinoma tissue than that in adjacent tissue ( t = 22.354, P ＜ 0.01 ). The expression of TLR4 mRNA in well, moderately and poorly differentiated coiorectal carcinomas were 69.58 ± 11.27, 64.57 ± 13.91 and 97.12 ± 15.44 respectively. TLR4 mRNA in poorly differentiated colorectal carcinomas was significantly higher than that in well, moderately differentiated ones ( t = 11.304 and 12.223, P ＜ 0.01 ). There was no difference between lymph node metastatic carcinomas ( 89.91 ± 13.33 ) and carcinomas without metastasis (81.16±13.59,t =0.959,P＞0.05). The expression of TLR4 mRNA in the Dukes A stage tumors (59.05±11.66) was lower than that in Dukes B(90.34 ±0.08),C(91.41 ± 15.21), D(101.46 ±17.43), respectively ( t = 8.708,9.664,9.525, P ＜ 0.05 ). The expression of NF-κB p65 in colorectal carcinoma(0.63 ±0.11) was significant higher than that in adjacent tissue(0.34 ±0.08,t = 18.266,P ＜0.01 ). The expression of NF-κB p65 in well, moderately and poorly differentiated colorectal carcinomas were 0.46 ± 0.09, 0.72 ± 0.11 and 0.77 ± 0.14, respectively. The experssion of NF-κB p65 in well differentiated colorectal carcinomas was obviously lower than the woderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas (t = 11.223 and 10.875, P ＜0.01 ). There was significant difference between the expression of p65 in lymph node metastatic carcinomas(0.82 ± 0.17) and non-metastatic carcinomas(0.57 ± 0.12, t =18.269,P＜0.05). The expression of NF-κB p65 in Dukes A colorectal carcinomas (0.39 ± 0.06) was lower compared with the Dukes B(0.72 ±0.12), C(0.69 ±0.14) and D carcinomas(0.76 ±0.13,t =10.442, 9.889 and 9.721, P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusions The enhanced expression of TLR4/NF-κB p65 are closely associate with clinical stage and pathologic grade. NF-κB p65 may be an molecular marker of lymph node metastatic. The increased expression of TLR4/NF-κB p65 promote the pathogenesis and development of colorectal carcinoma.

Objective To study the prognosis of infants with bronchiolitis by testing urine leukotriene E4 (LTE4) level and investigating atopy's influences. Methods Urine LTE4 was tested in 38 eases with mild bronchiolitis (47 in acute stage, 17 in convalescent stage), 9 severe bronchiolitis cases, 15 atopic cases, 25 control cases. Peripheral blood was used to determine eosinophils count (EC) in acute bronchiolitis cases. Results (1) The level of urine LTE4 is obviously higher in cases of acute group (62.11 ± 12.23 pmol/L) than that of control group (22.19±1.50 pmol/L) , and the convalescent group (34.86 ±5.75 pmol/L) (F = 132.42, P < 0.01) ;Urine LTE4 level of convalescent group is higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01). (2) Urine LTE4 level is significantly higher in severe group (98.04 ± 8.04 pmol/L) than that of mild group (59.16 ± 12.25 pmol/L) (t = 9.92, P < 0.01). (3) Urine LTE4 level of atopy positive (88.75 ± 10.45 pmol/L) infants with bronchiolitis is significantly higher than atopy negative infants (55.28 ± 11.44 pmol/L)(t = 8.63, P < 0.01). (4) There is no significant correlation between the levels of urine LTE4 and EC for acute bronchiolitis. Condusions The level of urine LTE4 in acute bronehiolitis patients increases and remains high in convalescent stage;Higher urine LTE4 level in severe bronchiolitis cases indicates that urine LTE4 level is related to the severity of the disease;cysteinylleukotrenes is an important mediator of inflammation that may influence the prognosis of atopy positive infants with bronchiolitis;EC is not a good index to present the airway inflammation of infants with bronehiolitis.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (huc-MSC) on the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of moderately fatty liver in rats. Methods The rat fatty liver model was established by fat-rich diet feeding. 60 female SD rats were randomly divided into MSC-treated and control groups (n = 30). MSC-treated group was infused with MSC (2 x 106 cells resuspended in 1.5 ml of sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution, PBS) by intra-venous injection through the tail vein. The first dose was administered on day 1 before IRI, followed by another dose on day 3 postIRI. The control group was injected with sterile PBS alone at the same intervals. Blood and liver samples were collected at day 1,4 and 7 (10 rats at each time point) post-IRI respectively to test enzyme activities,biochemical and histological changes. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in liver tissue were measured. The pathological changes of liver tissue and apoptosis of hepatocytes were also assessed. Results Compared to the control group, the levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α, and MDA declined in the MSC-treated group on day 1 and day 4 post-IRI ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), while no difference was observed on day 7 post-IRI ( P ＞ 0. 05). There was no difference of the level of SOD between the two groups on day 1,4 and 7 post-IRI (P ＞0. 05). Pathological examination revealed inflammatory injury in the MSC-treated group was alleviated compared with that in the control group. Conclusion huc-MSC effects protection on the IRI of fatty liver in rats.