Objective To evaluate the hair-removal effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) on hirsutism of spina bifida occulta. Methods 8 patients with hirsutism of spina bifida occulta were treated 3 to 5 times, at 2 month intervals, with ELITE plus IPL. Its wavelength was 610~1000 nm, and spot size was 50 mm ? 10 mm. The macro pulse was composed of a series of micro pulses with equal intervals. The micro pulse duration was 5 ms, the number of micro pulse was 4-15, the interval of micro pulse (delay) was 2~20 ms, and the fluence was 22.3～38.3J/cm2. Results All of the patients were well tolerant under no anesthesia. The hairs were mostly or fully removed after 3 to 5 courses of treatment. Routine washing could be done and bandaging was not applied after treatment. There was no blister, infection, hyperpigmentation and scarring. Little vellus hair regrowth was observed after a 6~12 month follow-up. Conclusions IPL is an ideal method to depilate hirsutism of spina bifida occulta because of its credible effect, simple operation, rapid treatment and no serious complication.

Objective : To investigate the factors of hyperglycemia among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ningbo City. Methods : The demographic characteristics, ART and fasting blood glucose were collected from HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in Ningbo City from 2005 to 2021 through the Ningbo Municipal ART Database. The fasting blood glucose levels were analyzed among HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART, and the factors affecting hyperglycemia were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results : A total of 2 607 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled, including 2 162 men (82.93%), and the participants had a mean age of (45.16±13.93) years, and had mean ART duration of 5.00 years (interquartile range, 5.00 years). The prevalence of hyperglycemia, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes was 22.59%, 13.62% and 8.98%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that gender (male, OR=1.482, 95%CI: 1.120-1.961), age (30 years-, OR=2.062, 95%CI: 1.356-3.137; 45 years-, OR=3.697, 95%CI: 2.435-5.611; 60 years and older, OR=7.295, 95%CI: 4.722-11.268), WHO clinical staging of HIV diseases (stage Ⅱ, OR=1.415, 95%CI: 1.097-1.824; stage Ⅲ, OR=1.571, 95%CI: 1.139-2.168; stage Ⅳ, OR=1.488, 95%CI: 1.040-2.128, duration of HIV infections (7 to <10 years, OR=1.336, 95%CI: 1.004-1.777), treatment regimen (second-line regimen, OR=0.611, 95%CI: 0.472-0.792), and blood lipids (high TG, OR=1.665, 95%CI: 1.307-2.123; high TC, OR=1.415, 95%CI: 1.006-1.991; dyslipidemia, OR=2.597, 95%CI: 1.971-3.422) significantly correlated with hyperglycemia. Conclusions The overall prevalence of hyperglycemia was 22.59% among HIV/AIDS patients with ART in Ningbo City, and the prevalence of hyperglycemia correlated with gender, age, clinical staging of HIV infections, duration of HIV infections, treatment regimens and blood lipids among HIV/AIDS patients.

Objective: To analyze the trend in the mortality of liver cancer in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2021, so as to provide the evidence for improving the liver cancer control measures. Methods: The liver cancer mortality data in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2021 were collected from Ningbo Municipal Chronic Disease Surveillance System. The crude mortality and standardized mortality by the 2 000 national population census data of liver cancer were estimated, and the proportion of concomitant diseases was analyzed among all dead patients with liver cancer. In addition, the trends in liver cancer mortality were analyzed with annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). Results: Both the crude and standardized mortality of liver cancer appeared a tendency towards a decline year by year in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2021, with AAPC of -3.47% (95%CI: -4.08% to -2.85%, P<0.001) and -6.56% (95%CI: -7.25% to -5.87%, P<0.001), and a the decline in liver cancer mortality was larger during the period between 2006 and 2021 than during the period between 2002 and 2006. The annual mean crude and standardized mortality of liver cancer was 35.39/105 and 20.98/105, and the crude mortality of liver cancer was 52.69/105 in men and 18.13/105 in women, respectively. After adjustment for age, the risk of liver cancer mortality was 3.03 (95%CI: 2.96-3.09) times greater among men than among women, and the mortality of liver cancer appeared a tendency towards a rise with age (χ2trend=45 684.254, P<0.001). Concomitant diseases were found among 9 985 dead cases with liver cancer (24.44%), and the concomitant diseases mainly included digestive system diseases (predominantly liver diseases) and infectious and parasitic diseases (predominantly virus hepatitis). Conclusions The mortality of liver cancer appeared a tendency towards a decline in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2021, and men and middle-aged and elderly residents were at high risk of liver cancer mortality. Digestive system diseases and infectious and parasitic diseases were predominant concomitant diseases among dead patients with liver cancer.

Objective:To investigate the immune reconstitution and its influencing factors in HIV/AIDS patients with antiretroviral therapy in Ningbo.Methods:The data were collected from HIV/AIDS patients of HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information System in Ningbo during 2010-2020. The inclusion criteria of study subjects were HIV/AIDS patients aged 15 or above at initiation of antiretroviral therapy with duration of more than one year follow-up and baseline CD4 +T lymphocyte (CD4) counts completed. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the subjects, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors of immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients. Results:A total of 3 851 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled, in whom 3 185 were males (82.71%,3 185/3 851), 3 769 were in Han ethnic group (97.87%,3 769/3 851), and 1 333 had education level of junior high school (34.62%). Of the subjects, the age at initiation of antiretroviral therapy was (39.47±13.47) years. The median ( Q1, Q3) of follow-up time was 47 (25,77) months. The immune reconstitution after antiretroviral therapy accounted for 66.22% (2 550/3 851) in HIV/AIDS patients. Multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model results showed that, compared with HIV/AIDS patients receiving initial antiretroviral therapy at age ≥45 years, having baseline BMI <23.0 kg/m 2 and baseline CD4 counts <200 cells/μl, receiving initial antiretroviral therapy regimen of zidovudine+lamivudine+nevirapine (AZT+3TC+NVP), the immune reconstitution was more likely to occur in HIV/AIDS cases receiving initial antiretroviral therapy at age <30 years,having baseline BMI ≥23.0 kg/m 2 and baseline CD4 counts ≥200 cells/μl, receiving initial antiretroviral therapy regimen of AZT+3TC+efavirenz (EFV). Conclusions:Age at initial antiretroviral therapy, baseline BMI, baseline CD4 counts and initial regimens were the main factors affecting immune reconstitution. Therefore, it is necessary to start antiretroviral therapy as early as possible, conduct regular follow up and monitor CD4 levels, and pay attention to HIV/AIDS patients with older age and lower baseline BMI.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） cases reported in Ningbo from January 22 to February 22, 2020, so as to provide guidance for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: The confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported by Ningbo were selected from National Diseases Prevention and Control Information System to analyze the epidemiological characteristics by descriptive epidemiological method, including time, spatial and population distribution, clinical symptoms and exposure history. Results: A total of 157 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported and there was no death. The first confirmed case was reported on January 22. On the incidence curve, the peak was from January 22 to February 4, with a maximum of 15 cases in a single day. The incidence curve presented sustained human-to-human transmission. The number of the cases showed a declining trend from February 5. The confirmed cases were reported in all 10 counties（cities or districts）,among which 69（43.95%）cases were reported in Haishu District. The confirmed cases were mainly 30-69 years old,accounting for 78.34%;were mainly farmers,household workers and retired people,accounting for 59.87%;and were mainly clinically mild,accounting for 87.90%.There were 51 imported cases, accounting for 32.48%. The initial confirmed case was a local case. In the early stage of the epidemic, local cases and imported cases prevalent together,which was due to the outbreak caused by the large-scale buddhist activity on January 19.This event resulted in 67 confirmed cases and 15 asymptomatic cases. There totally reported 22 clusters with 138 （87.90%）confirmed cases. Conclusions In the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ningbo, the imported cases and local cases prevalent at the same time. Most of the cases were female, aged from 30 to 69 years, and their occupation were farmers, household workers and retired people. With comprehensive measures taken, the epidemic of COVID-19 in Ningbo have been under control.

Objective:To describe the basic characteristics of clusters of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, and evaluate the generation time (Tg) and basic reproduction number ( R0) of COVID-19. Methods:The basic information and onset times of the clusters of COVID-19 cases in Ningbo were investigated, the inter-generational interval of the cases were fitted by using gamma distribution, and the R0 was calculated based on the SEIR model. Results:In the 15 clusters of COVID-19 cases, a total of 52 confirmed cases, 5 cases of nucleic acid-positive asymptomatic cases. The cases occurred from January 23 to February 4, the cases were mainly women. The incubation period was (6.11±3.38) days, and the median was 5 days. The Tg was (6.93±3.70) days. There were no significant differences in Tg between age group<60 years and age group 60 years and above, and between men and women ( P=0.551). According to the Tg calculated in this paper, the R0 of COVID-19 in Ningbo was 3.06 (95 %CI: 2.64- 3.51); according to the reported case transmission interval of 7.5 days in the literature, the R0 was 3.32 (95 %CI: 2.51-9.38). Conclusion:There is no age and gender specific differences in the Tg of clusters of COVID-19 cases in Ningbo, and COVID-19 has high infectivity and spreading power in early phase.

Objective: To investigate the origin of infection and risk factors of a case with SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with overseas countries in the Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the evidence for improving the COVID-19 control measures at ports. Methods: Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and Beilun CDC conducted case finding and epidemiological surveys immediately after being informed. The general information, history of vaccination and the travel during the latest 14 days were collected from the positive case, and all close contacts were tracked. Saliva samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing and whole-genome sequencing, and the sequencing results were aligned with the GISAID's EpiCoV database. The origin of infection and transmission route of the positive case was investigated. Results: A case was identified positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid during company M's routine screening in the Ningbo-Zhoushan Port on August 10, 2021, and was confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by Beilun CDC and Ningbo CDC on August 11. Whole-genome sequencing showed SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 ( Delta ) variant, which shared the highest homology with the virus sequence uploaded by Russia on June, 2021 ( Russia/MOW-RII-MH27356S/2021 ). The case was a bundling worker for overseas container ships, and reported communicated with foreign boatmen and contacted materials without protected interventions on the SINOKOR AKITA Container Ship between August 4 and 5, 2021. This ship anchored at Vladivostok, Russia from July 27 to 29, anchored at Ningbo Harbor on August 4, and departed on August 5. Then, 11 boatmen from this ship were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid on August 8. One asymptomatic case was reported in this epidemic; 254 close contacts and 617 secondary close contacts were identified, and all were tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. No new cases with SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected until August 25, 2021, and the emergency response was therefore terminated. Conclusions The infection was a sporadic COVID-19 epidemic associated with overseas countries, which was caused by Delta variant infection through contacts with foreign boatmen or materials by a bundling worker in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port; fortunately, no epidemic spread occurred. Intensified closed-loop management and increased frequency of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test among high-risk populations, and improving the precision and rapid emergency treatment of COVID-19 epidemics are required for the containment of COVID-19 at ports.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the bacterial pathogen composition of pneumonia among children under 5 years old in Ningbo.

METHODSIn 2013 February-April, we selected pediatric ward in three hospitals according to stratified cluster random sampling, and from which we collected all 57 556 hospitalized cases in January 2009-December 2012 period of children under 5 years old. A total of 16 740 medical records and bacterial spectrum records of pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia cases among children under 5 years old were described to calculate the proportions of children pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia hospitalized cases accounted for hospitalized children over the same period(referred to as proportions of pneumonia incidence), the detection rate of bacterial pathogens, proportions of bacterial spectrum, and to analyze the characteristics and bacterial pathogen composition of pneumonia among children under 5 years.

RESULTSThe proportions of children pneumonia in 2009-2012 were 26.16% (2 882/11 017), 31.23% (4 004/12 819), 29.35% (4 898/16 689) and 29.10% (4 956/17 031)(Z = 3.13, P < 0.01), and were in a downward trend by the increasing of age(Z = -113.74, P < 0.01). The proportions of children pneumonia of 0-5 age group were 50.71% (6 756/13 318), 26.60% (3 159/11 877), 24.17% (2 574 /10 648), 22.36% (2 509 /11 223) and 16.63% (1 745 /10 490). The proportions of children pneumonia with different season were 26.90% (3 725/13 850), 26.51% (3 788/14 287), 29.59% (4 442/15 011) and 33.21% (4 785 /14 408) (χ² = 198.77, P < 0.01). The proportions of severe children pneumonia of 0-5 age group were 1.10% (74/6 753), 0.47% (15/3 159), 0.19% (5 /2 574),0.08% (2 /2 509) and 0.06% (1 /1 745), with a downward trend by the age(F = 57.62, P < 0.01). The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was 19.3% (540/2 805), 16.4% (460/2 805), 13.6% (381/2 805), 11.9% (335/2 805), 11.5% (323/2 805) and 6.8% (192/2 805).

CONCLUSIONIn 2009-2012, the proportions of children pneumonia under 5 year old constituted a relatively high proportion in Ningbo city. Children under 1 year old were the major suffering group of pneumonia and severe pneumonia, which should be the key prevention group. The major bacterial pathogens of children's pneumonia in Ningbo are gram-negative bacteria.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; Child ; Epidemics ; Escherichia coli ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Haemophilus influenzae ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Pneumonia ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the bacterial pathogen composition of pneumonia among children under 5 years old in Ningbo.Methods In 2013 February-April, we selected pediatric ward in three hospitals according to stratified cluster random sampling,and from which we collected all 57 556 hospitalized cases in January 2009-December 2012 period of children under 5 years old.A total of 16 740 medical records and bacterial spectrum records of pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia cases among children under 5 years old were described to calculate the proportions of children pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia hospitalized cases accounted for hospitalized children over the same period( referred to as proportions of pneumonia incidence), the detection rate of bacterial pathogens, proportions of bacterial spectrum, and to analyze the characteristics and bacterial pathogen composition of pneumonia among children under 5 years.Results The proportions of children pneumonia in 2009-2012 were 26.16%( 2 882/11 017),31.23%(4 004/12 819),29.35%(4 898/16 689) and 29.10%(4 956/17 031)(Z=3.13,P<0.01),and were in a downward trend by the increasing of age(Z=-113.74,P<0.01).The proportions of children pneumonia of 0-5 age group were 50.71%(6 756/13 318),26.60%(3 159/11 877),24.17%(2 574 /10 648),22.36%(2 509 /11 223) and 16.63%(1 745 /10 490).The proportions of children pneumonia with different season were 26.90%(3 725/13 850),26.51%(3 788/14 287),29.59%(4 442/15 011) and 33.21%( 4 785 /14 408 ) (χ2 =198.77, P <0.01 ) .The proportions of severe children pneumonia of 0-5 age group were 1.10%(74/6 753),0.47%(15/3 159),0.19%(5 /2 574),0.08%(2 /2 509) and 0.06%(1 /1 745),with a downward trend by the age(F=57.62,P<0.01).The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,and Streptococcus pneumoniae was 19.3%(540/2 805),16.4%(460/2 805),13.6%(381/2 805), 11.9%(335/2 805),11.5%(323/2 805) and 6.8%(192/2 805).Conclusion In 2009-2012,the proportions of children pneumonia under 5 year old constituted a relatively high proportion in Ningbo city.Children under 1 year old were the major suffering group of pneumonia and severe pneumonia, which should be the key prevention group.The major bacterial pathogens of children′s pneumonia in Ningbo are gram-negative bacteria.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the bacterial pathogen composition of pneumonia among children under 5 years old in Ningbo.Methods In 2013 February-April, we selected pediatric ward in three hospitals according to stratified cluster random sampling,and from which we collected all 57 556 hospitalized cases in January 2009-December 2012 period of children under 5 years old.A total of 16 740 medical records and bacterial spectrum records of pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia cases among children under 5 years old were described to calculate the proportions of children pneumonia or bronchial pneumonia hospitalized cases accounted for hospitalized children over the same period( referred to as proportions of pneumonia incidence), the detection rate of bacterial pathogens, proportions of bacterial spectrum, and to analyze the characteristics and bacterial pathogen composition of pneumonia among children under 5 years.Results The proportions of children pneumonia in 2009-2012 were 26.16%( 2 882/11 017),31.23%(4 004/12 819),29.35%(4 898/16 689) and 29.10%(4 956/17 031)(Z=3.13,P<0.01),and were in a downward trend by the increasing of age(Z=-113.74,P<0.01).The proportions of children pneumonia of 0-5 age group were 50.71%(6 756/13 318),26.60%(3 159/11 877),24.17%(2 574 /10 648),22.36%(2 509 /11 223) and 16.63%(1 745 /10 490).The proportions of children pneumonia with different season were 26.90%(3 725/13 850),26.51%(3 788/14 287),29.59%(4 442/15 011) and 33.21%( 4 785 /14 408 ) (χ2 =198.77, P <0.01 ) .The proportions of severe children pneumonia of 0-5 age group were 1.10%(74/6 753),0.47%(15/3 159),0.19%(5 /2 574),0.08%(2 /2 509) and 0.06%(1 /1 745),with a downward trend by the age(F=57.62,P<0.01).The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,and Streptococcus pneumoniae was 19.3%(540/2 805),16.4%(460/2 805),13.6%(381/2 805), 11.9%(335/2 805),11.5%(323/2 805) and 6.8%(192/2 805).Conclusion In 2009-2012,the proportions of children pneumonia under 5 year old constituted a relatively high proportion in Ningbo city.Children under 1 year old were the major suffering group of pneumonia and severe pneumonia, which should be the key prevention group.The major bacterial pathogens of children′s pneumonia in Ningbo are gram-negative bacteria.