Genome-wide association studies use high-throughput genotyping technologies to scan thousands of nucleotides of the entire human genome to investigate the relation of clinical conditions and measurable phenotypes.Bladder cancer is the result of the interaction between genetic variants and environmental factors.Many progresses have been acquired from genome-wide association studies.New genetic regions have been discovered to provide us new strategies for the etiology investigation of bladder cancer.

Objective According to the infrared spectrum of renal stone composition analysis,discuss the relationship between gender,age and kidney stone.Methods Kidney stone composition analysis of 408 cases had been done in our hospital from the 2002 to 2011 by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.There were 271 males (66.4％) and 137 females (33.6％).Results There were 359 cases with calcium stones,accounting for 88.0％ (359/408); 197 cases with calcium oxalate stones alone,accounting for 48.3％; 180 cases with phosphate stones,accounting for 44.1％; 211 cases with mixed composition stones,accounting for 51.7％.Main chemical composition of the stones were:calcium oxalate 48.3％,carbonate apatite 34.8％,urates 5.4％,ammonium magnesium phosphate 4.4％,ammonium carbonate eutectic 3.4％,brushite 1.5％,cystine 2.0％ and protein 0.3％.Male patients accounted for 66.4％ of all cases and the peak onset age was 30-59 years; Female patient accounted for 33.6％ of all cases and the peak onset age was 50-59 years.Conclusions Calcium oxalate and phosphate are the most common components of kidney stones.Males age between 30-59 years and females age between 50-59 years may suffer from of kidney stone formation.

Objective In order to measure the nursing unit workload scientifically,we used the Delphi method to investigate the influencing factors of nursing unit workload.Methods After consulting literature and discussing with experts,alternative indicators were designed,then two rounds of consultations were made with experts by using the Delphi method.Results The questionnaires revealed that the valid recovery rate,after two rounds of consultations,were 95％ and 100％ respectively,which reflected the positivity of the experts which participated in this study.The expert authority coefficient was 0.896,which indicated the high reliability of the consulting.The coordination indexes of expert opinions were 0.467 and 0.239 respectively,which showed the expert advices had good coordination and the results had high reliability.Conclusions The influencing factors of nursing unit workload determined by Delphi method have high reliability,which is significant for the scientific measuring of the nursing unit workload.

A novel peptide, named BF2-X, was designed based on the structure-activity analysis of an analogue of Buforin II, named BF2-A. The BF2-X was a hybrid peptide containing the N-terminal residues 5 to 13 of BF2-A and three repeats of the C-terminal regular alpha-helical motif RLLR, and the residues 8 valine were replaced by leucine. The results of bioinformatics analysis had showed that compared with BF2-A, the helicity, positive charge, hydrophobicity rate and C-terminal amphipathy of BF2-X had remarkably enhanced. Both peptides showed a random coil structure in an aqueous solution, while displaying a typical alpha-helical structure in 50% trifluoroethanol solution (a membrane mimic condition). BF2-X exhibited higher alpha-helical contents than BF2-A in hydrophobic environment. BF2-X displayed potent antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. And BF2-X showed stronger antimicrobial activities against bacteria tested than parent peptide BF2-A. These results suggest that the alpha-helical content was directly correlated with the enhanced antibacterial activity. Both peptides had no hemolytic action on mouse erythrocyte.

Objective To establish a novel glucocorticoid (GC)-resistant human diffuse large B lymphoma(DLBCL) cell line Toledo/dexamethasone (DEX) by the exposure to DEX,and observe the biological characteristics of resistant and parental cell line,investigate the mechanisms of glucocorticoid-resistance.Methods Toledo/DEX was established by the exposure to DEX,the dose of which was increased gradually and intermittently for long periods of time.Toledo,in the logarithmic growth phage,was incubated in the culture medium containing DEX at the concentration of 1×10-8 mol/L at first.The medium without DEX was replaced after for 96 hours until the cell line re-entered the logarithmic growth phase.Repeat the above steps to acquire the ultimate concentration of DEX in the medium as 1.024 ×10-5 mol/L.The biological characteristics of resistant and parental cell lines were evaluated.Results Toledo/DEX was more invasive in the aspects of ultrastructure,tumorigenicity and drug sensitivity.Meanwhile,Toledo/DEX achieved some stable biological characteristics such as morphology,karyotypes and immunophenotype.Furthermore,GC receptor (GR) α and GR β protein expression analysis showed that GR was involved in the mechanism of the GCresistance.Conclusions Toledo/DEX is a drug-resistant cell line with a stable biology backgroud.These results may help shed light on the knowledge of GC-resistance and lay the groundwork for searching new therapeutics to reverse drug-resistance.

Objective To evaluate the hemodynamic features of VX_2 tumor and peri-neoplastic liver parenchyma with low mechanical index gray-scale contrast enhancement.Methods Ultrasound contrast agent SonoVue((0.1) ml/kg) was applied respectively in 8 VX_2-bearing rabbits by intravenous bolus injection.Corresponding parameters of the time-intensity curve:time to enhancement(ET),time to peak intensity(PIT),peak signal intensity(PSI) and mean transit time(MTT) were measured using low mechanical index contrast gray-scale imaging and Wash-in/Wash-out time-intensity curve software.Results Gray-scale imaging delineated clearly the dynamic enhancement of the VX_2 tumor and the surrounding liver parenchyma.The ET and PIT were definitely earlier,the PSI lower and the MTT absolutely shorter in VX_2 tumors than those in the liver parenchyma.There were significant differences of parameters derived from the time-intensity curve between VX_2 tumors and liver parenchyma(P

ObjectiveTo test the expression of epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7),microvessel density (MVD) and foeal adhesion kinase pY397 (FAKpY397) in human glioma tissues,and to evaluate their relationship.MethodsThe expression of EGFL7 and FAKpY397 in 56 cases of human glioma and 8 cases of normal brain tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry test,and MVD was detected by CD34 staining.ResultsThere was a significant difference of the positive rates of EGFL7 between normal brain tissue (0) and gliomas (75％),χ2 =17.45,P ＜0.01.With the increased pathological grade,the expression level of EGFL7 increased (χ2 =26.24,P ＜ 0.01 ).There was a significant difference of the positive rates of FAKpY397 between normal brain tissue ( 12.5％ ) and gliomas (73.2％),χ2 =6.23,P ＜ 0.05.With the increased pathological grade,the expression level of FAKpY397 increased (χ2 =6.71,P ＜ 0.01 ). MVD on normal brain was( 15 ± 4 )/HP,on Ⅰ - Ⅱ grade and Ⅲ -Ⅳ grade gliomas was ( 27 ± 3 )/HPand ( 60 ± 4 )/HP respectively,there was a significant difference on MVD between normal brain tissue and gliomas (P ＜ 0.01 ).Higher level of MVD was found in gliomas with higher grade ( P ＜ 0.01 ).There was a positive correlation between EGFL7 and FAKpY397 expressions in gliomas (r =0.314,P ＜0.01 ).There was a significant difference on MVD between positive and negative expression of EGFL7 ( t =26.55,P ＜ 0.01 ). MVD was (56 ± 4 )/HP and (25 ± 3 )/HP respectively.ConclusionThe expression of EGFL7 of human gliomas has a favorable positive correlation with the degree of malignancy,MVD and FAKpY397.It is indicated that EGFL7not only palys an important regulative role in glioma neovascularization,but also it may participate directly in glioma occurrence and invasion.

Objective Based on our previous established cohort of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we investigated the potential effect of beta-tubulin (TUBB) gene in the transformation of MDS into acute leukemia Methods From our nested case-control study cohort of MDS patients, we chose 11 paired transformed and nontransformed MDS patients.TUBB gene expression was tested by quantitative real-time PCR.TUBB-siRNA transfection was used to down-regulate TUBB gene expression in SKM-1 cell line.The function of TUBB gene in SKM-1 cell line was evaluated by cell proliferation, soft agar clone formation and electron microscope.Results TUBB gene expression in MDS patients in transformed group were significantly higher than that in control group (2.91 ± 0.41 vs 0.90 ± 0.23, P ＜0.01).After TUBB-siRNA transfection, A450/630nm of SKM-1 cells at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h were 0.299 ± 0.045, 0.526 ± 0.034 and 0.652 ± 0.035, respectively, which were significantly decreased than those in negative-siRNA group (0.438 ±0.074, 0.858 ±0.064 and 0.974 ±0.044) (P ＜0.05).Soft agar clone formation in TUBB-siRNA group was (7.0 ±0.2)％, which was significantly reduced than that of negative-siRNA group (25.0 ± 0.2)％ (P ＜ 0.01).Electron microscope showed significant apoptotic signs in TUBB-siRNA group, including vacuoles in cytoplasm and karyorrhexis.Conclusion Our results indicate that TUBB gene may play a role in the transformation of MDS into acute leukemia by affecting the proliferation of malignant clones.

Objective To investigate if distribution of stone composition and onset age in the upper urinary tract changed during the past 12 years in China.Methods There were 1 878 urolithiasis patients of the upper urinary tract in our hospital from 2003 to 2014 enrolled in present cross-sectional study.There were 1 300 male and 578 female patients with a median onset age of 46 (6-95) years.Stone composition was measured by infrared spectrophotometry.All the patients were divided into 3 groups according to the onset year:Year 2003-2006,Year 2007-2010 and Year 2011-2014.The distributions of stone types were compared among the 3 groups.Age and gender were included as potential confounders.Chi square test,P trend test,Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression were employed in the statistical analysis.Results Calcium oxalate was the most common type with a dominant proportion of 78.1％ (1 466/1 878),while uric acid had a small proportion of 4.8％ (91/1 878).The proportions of uric acid in the 3 groups were 2.7％ (12/441),5.1％ (39/758) and 5.9％ (40/679),showing an increasing trend (P ＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that year group was independently correlated with the proportion of uric acid,with an OR of 1.385 (95％ CI,1.027-1.867).From 2003 to 2014,the proportion of uric acid calculus increased by 0.42％ (95％ CI,0.25％-0.59％) annually.The median ages of disease onset were 43,46 and 49 years respectively in those three groups,also showing an increasing trend with time (P ＜0.01).Conclusion From 2003 to 2014,the proportion of uric acid and onset age in patients of upper urinary tract calculi were increased in the present cohort.

Objective To explore sonographic manifestation of fetal malformations of cortical development.Methods From August 2012 to January 2014 three hundred and twenty-five pregnancy women referred to our institution for fetal brain MRI,which were diagnosed or suspected of central nervous system abnormalities by prenatal ultrasound examination.Results In 325 of cases,14 cases (4％) were diagnosed of malformations of cortical development.Ten eases were indicated by prenatal ultrasound,including three cases of heterotopic gray matter,six cases of microcephaly and one case of hemimegalencephaly; four cases were missed by prenatal ultrasound,including two cases of schizencephaly,one case of tuberous sclerosis,and one case of hypoplasia.Conclusions Cortical malformations can be diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography based on typical imaging characteristics.Prenatal ultrasound combined with MRI is a powerful tool in diagnosing fetal malformations of cortical development.