IgA plays an important role in the course of Henoch-Schonlein purpura.The current study shows that the HSP is characterized by IgA principally IgA1) depositions in the wall of dermal vessel and the renal mesangium, and IgA1 is deficient in galactose. IgA1 with aberrant glycosylation has a tendency to be self-aggregated, not to be efficiently cleared by the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. It also weakens the ability of complement to remove immune complexes, and causes the exposure of new epitope and so on. All these lead to the formation of IgA1 immune complexes and the deposition in the wall of dermal vessel and the renal mesangium. IgA1 immune complexes activate complement principally through the alternative pathway, which causes inflammatory injury. In addition, various IgA autoantibodies, such as anti-endothelial cell antibodies,anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, are also involved in the process of tissue damage of Henoch-Schonlein purpura.

Objective To develop a method for simultaneous determination of three kinds of anti-dandruff agents,namely ketoconazole,climbazole,piroctone olamine,in cosmetics by HPLC.Methods The cosmetics were extracted with acetonitrile by ultrasonic,then separated with high-speed centrifuge.The supernatant layer was filtrated through membrane with 0.45 ?m diameter.The filtration liquid was injected into HPLC for detection at ?=210 nm.Quantitative analysis was performed with external standard method.Results In the linear range of 1-250 mg/L,the regression equation of ketoconazole was y=32.23x+ 4.59,the detection limit was 0.069 mg/L.In the linear range of 1-500 mg/L,the regression equation of climbazole was y=13.76x+ 9.41,the detection limit was 0.12 mg/L.In the linear range of 10-500 mg/L,the regression equation of piroctone olamine was y= 24.83x-17.17,the detection limit was 0.71 mg/L.The recoveries and relative standard deviations were 91.8%-98.5% and 0.38%0.84%,respectively.Conclusion The experimental results show that the method is simple,precise and accurate and suitable for simultaneous determination of 3 kinds of anti-dandruff agents in cosmetics.

Objective To explore the effect of hepatitis B virus(HBV) on the expression of high sensitive C-reaction protein(hs-CRP) and its clinical implication.Methods mRNA expression of hs-CRP in HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells was measured by RT-PCR,serum hs-CRP levels in patients with HBV infection and in healthy individuals were measured by biochemical analyzer Olympus5400,the expression of hs-CRP difference among patients with chronic hepatitis B,liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma were analyzed.Results Expression of hs-CRP mRNA was higher in HepG2.2.15 cells than in HepG2 cells,serum hs-CRP levels was much higher in HBV patients as compared to healthy individuals ( P＜0.05 ),hs-CRP was detected at higher levels in patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma than those with chronic hepatitis B.Conclusion HBV can upregulated the expression of hs-CRP,which is associated with the disease progression.

Objective To evaluate HBeAg quantification in predicting the efficacy of pegylated interferon (PegIFN) α treatment for patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods A total of 216 HBeAg-positive CHB patients admitted in Ningbo No.2 Hospital during March 2009 and December 2011 were enrolled in the study.All patients were given subcutaneous injection of PegIFNα-2a or PegIFNα-2b weekly for 48 weeks and followed up for 24 weeks after discontinuation.Patients were divided into HBeAg seroconversion group and non-seroconversion group at the end of the follow-up.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate HBeAg levels at baseline and 12,24 weeks of treatment in predicting HBeAg seroconversion.Results HBeAg seroconversion was observed in 31.48％ (68/216) patients at the end of follow-up,and there was no significant difference in seroconversion rate between patients treated with PegIFNα-2a and those with PegIFNα-2b (32.00％ vs.29.27％,P ＞ 0.05).There was significant difference in baseline HBeAg levels between patients with HBeAg seroconversion and those without HBeAg seroconversion (Z =-3.834,P ＜ 0.05).HBeAg seroconversion patients had a tendency of rapidly decreasing HBeAg level,but there was no significant difference in decreasing rate between seroconversion and non-seroconversion patients (F =3.321,P ＞ 0.05).ROC curves showed that HBeAg level at 24-week was the best indicator for predicting HBeAg seroconversion with area under curve of 0.861.Conclusion Serum HBeAg level at 24-week of treatment may be used to predict the HBeAg seroconversion in HBeAg-positive CHB patients treated with PegIFNα.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-interferon α (PEG-IFNα) in treating HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and explore the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and the effect of interferon α (IFNα) therapy.Methods A total of 199 CHB patients with known genotypes were given subcutaneous injection of PEG-IFNα-2a or PEG-IFNαt-2b once a week for 48 weeks,with another 24 weeks follow up.The seroconversion of HBeAg influenced by HBV genotypes were analyzed after discontinuation of treatment.Results In local area,genotype C was the major genotype[64.32％ (128/199)].Except serum ALT and AST level,the differences in gender,age,liver inflammation,degree of liver fibrosis,HBeAg level and HBV DNA level between genotype B and C were not statistically significant(all P ＞0.05).The seroconversion rate of HBeAg in patients with genotype B at early stage of therapy (3 months) was significantly higher than that of patients with genotype C [26.76％ (19/71) vs 10.16％ (13/128),x2 =9.330,P =0.002].While at the end of follow-up,seroconversion rate of HBeAg in patients with genotype B (followed up for 6 months) was higher than that of patients with genotype C [39.44％ (28/71) vs 30.47％ (39/128)],but the difference was not statistically significant(x2 =1.645,P =0.200).By univariate analysis based on log-rank test,the time of HBeAg seroconversion in patients with genotype B was much earlier than that of genotype C [(13.99 ± 0.67) months vs (15.47 ± 0.41)months],but the difference was not statistically significant (P =0.150).Conclusions The seroconversion rate of HBeAg in patients with genotype B treated with PEG-IFNα was significantly higher than that of genotype C in early stage of therapy (3 months),while similar at the end of therapy.

Objective To develope both qualitative and quantitative analytic method of the four urinary markers,i.e.lactate,uracil,orotate and hippurate,from ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency(OTCD) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods Urea in urine samples was decomposed with urease,and heptadecanoiate was added as internal standard,then protein was denatured with ethanol and removed by centrifugation.After evaporation,the residue was derivatized trimethylsilylly by BSTFA/TMCS,and analyzed by GC-MS.ResultsThe markers can be separated in total ion current profiles,with indentifications confirmed by mass spectra.The significantly elevated levels of lactate,uracil and orotate in urine from OTCD patient were droped to normal or subnormal levels,together with large amount of hippurate excretion in the urine,after clinical therapeutic measures,including introduction of benzoic acid,were performed.Conclusion GC-MS analysis of the urinary markers is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of the therapeutic outcome of OTCD.

Objective To study the effects of Vitamin D (VitD) supplementation on growth and immune function in neonatal mice.Methods A total of 120 mice were divided into four groups (30 mice in each group) according to dose of VitD.The high-dose group,medium-dose group and low-dose group was given 3.44,1.72,0.86 IU VitD drops,respectively.The control group was not treated with VitD drops.Rat body weight,level of peripheral blood 25-(OH)D3 were observed.The cellular immune function (determined by using delayed hypersensitivity reaction experiment),humoral immune function (assessed by antibody producing cells counts and HC50 determination) and mononuclear-macrophage phagocytic function (assessed by mouse peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken red blood cells test and carbon clearance test) were detected.The flow cytometry assay was carried out to differentiate T lymphocyte subsets.Results With the increase of dose of VitD,levels of peripheral blood 25-(OH)D3 and calcium ion were gradually increased,there were statistically significant differences when compared with the control group(P＜0.05);the body weight and body length were gradually increased,while no statistically significant difference was found among the groups treated with VitD(P＞0.05).Compared to the control group,the toes swelling,phagocytic percentage,number of antibody producing cells,serum soluble HC50 in the high-dose group and medium-dose group were increased significantly,while carbon clearance test phagocytic index were decreased significantly (P＜0.05).With the increase of dose of VitD,the number of CD4+,CD8+ T lymphocytes and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were gradually increased.Conclusion VitD could promote the growth and development of offspring mice,and enhance the immune function of the body.

Background and purpose:Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the introduction of foreign factors that mediate tumor acquired resistance. The antitumor effects of many chemotherapeutic agents depend on the level of oxygen pressure (pO2) in tumor microenvironment. This study aimed to evaluate electron paramagnetic reso-nance (EPR)-based monitoring on an oxygen-enriched tumor microenvironment to increase chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Methods:MCF-7 cells were used to establish human breast cancer in nude mice. EPR was used to directly measure pO2 levelin vivo. Tumor tissues were collected, and mitochondrial activity was assayed on the basis of the kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. A laser Doppler monitor was used to detect regional blood flow. Tumor apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry.Results:The tumor volume decreased more evidently in the chemotherapy group with oxy-gen-enriched environment than that in the conventional chemotherapy group after the treatment was administered (P<0.01). After chemotherapy was completed, the apoptotic rate of tumor cells was significantly higher in the chemotherapy group with oxygen-enriched environment than that in the conventional chemotherapy group (P<0.001). This study examined the mechanism ofpO2 changes in tumor microenvironment: This was related to the change of the balance between the oxygen consumption and the regional blood flow in the tumor tissues after chemotherapy.Conclusion:Based on the characteristics ofpO2 changes in the tumor microenvironment after chemotherapy was completed, the selection of chemotherapy mode forthe treatment inpO2 peak time window improves the sensitivity of chemotherapy, which provides a new idea for individual-ized chemotherapy in clinical applications.

Objective To investigate the relationship between HBV polymerase gene mutations and HBV genotypes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients resistant to adefovir dipivoxil (ADV).Methods Blood samples were collected from 114 ADV-resistant CHB patients during February 2010 and May 2012.The HBV polymerase regions from serum samples were amplified with real-time PCR,and the PCR products were sequenced.Normal distribution data were presented as x ± s,and non-normal distribution data were presented as M (P25-P75) ; for homogeneous data analysis of variance and LSD-t test were performed.Results There were 8 types of HBV polymerase gene mutations in 114 CHB patients; single point mutation was detected in 102 patients (89.47％) and double or triple points mutations were detected in 12 patients (10.53％).rtA181V/T/S (57.89％),rtN236T (14.91％) and rtA181V/T/S + N236T (9.65％) were the predominant mutations.For 21 patients (18.42％) with HBV genotype B,rtN236T mutation was prevalent (47.62％,10/21) ; while for those with HBV genotype C (93,81.58％),rtA181V/T/S mutation was the predominant (65.59％,61/93).The differences of rtA181V/T/S (x2 =12.269,P ＜0.01) and rtN236T (x2 =18.658,P ＜0.01) mutation rates between B and C genotypes were statistically significant.Conclusion rtA181V/T/S,rtN236T and rtA181V/T/S + rtN236T are the major HBV polymerase gene mutation types in ADV resistant CHB patients,and mutation types are related with HBV genotypes.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of caveolin-1 in breast carcinoma.Methods Using immunohistochemical method the protein expression of caveolin-1 were analyzed in 105 cases of breast carcinoma and 50 cases of non-cancerous breast tissues.The relationship between caveolin-1 expression and CK5/6,EGFR,and E-cadherin expression was investigated.Clinical data of 105 cases of breast carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among 105 cases of breast carcinoma,there were 20 cases of basal-like subtype,22 cases of luminal subtype A,23 cases of luminal subtype B,23 cases of HER2 over-expressing subtype,17 cases of normal breast-like subtype.Positive rate of caveolin-1 was significantly lower in breast carcinoma than in non-cancerous breast tissues (24.8％ vs.88.0％,P ＜ 0.05).Positive rate of caveolin-1 (75.0％) was higher in breast carcinoma than in luminal subtype A ( 4.8％ ),luminal subtype B ( 17.4％ ),HER2 over-expressing subtype ( 17.4％ ) or normal breast-like subtype( 11.8％ ),all P ＜0.05.Caveolin-1 expression was associated with expression of CK5/6 and EGFR(P ＜0.01 ).In univariate analysis,positive caveolin-1 was associated with higher lymph node metastasis rate (18/26,69.2％ )than negative (37/79,46.8％ ),P =0.047,and shorter 5-year-disease-free survival (38.46％ vs.74.68％,P =0.0004 ),but in multivariate analysis caveolin-1 was not an independent predictor of 5-year- disease-free survival (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Caveolin-1 can be seen as a screening mark of basal-like breast carcinoma,it may promote the invasiveness of breast cancer cells,but it is not an independent prognostic predictor of breast cancer patients.