Objective To investigate the incidence and occurrence time of PICC-related upper extremity asymptomatic and symptomatic venous thrombosis in cancer patients;to explore the risk of asymptomatic venous thrombosis' developing into symptomatic venous thrombosis.Methods A total of 246 cancer patients who were scheduled to receive PICC between April and October 2014 were prospectively studied and divided into 2 groups by random digits table method.The time-phased follow-up observation on PICC cathertering cancer patients was conducted by Doppler ultrasound.The follow-up visiting inspection on the cathering upper limb vein by Doppler ultrasound at the 2nd,7th,14th,21st,28th,35th,42nd day were arranged after insertion of the catheter in experimental group (127 cases) to understand the incidence and occurrence time of asymptomatic venous thrombosis,while the control group (119 cases) were investigated for inspecting whether there were venous thrombosis through clinical symptoms or not.Once the clinical symptoms occurred,the incidence and time of occurrence of symptomatic venous thrombosis would be diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound and recorded.Results The incidence rate of asymptomatic thrombosis in the experimental group was 48.82％(62/127),the median time was 3 days,and there was no symptomatic thrombosis.Among them,85.48％(53/62) of the asymptomatic thrombosis occurred within 1 week,11.29％ (7/62) occurred in 2-3 weeks,and 3.23％ (2/62) occurred in 4-6 weeks after catheter insertion.Meanwhile,the incidence and median time of symptomatic thrombosis was 23.53％(28/119) and 12 days respectively in the control group.And 32.14％ (9/28) of these cases occurred within 1 week,50.00％ (14/28) occurred in 2-3 weeks,and 17.86％ (5/28) occurred in 4-6 weeks after catheter insertion.Conclusions The incidence of PICC-related upper extremity venous thrombosis in cancer patients is relatively high,and most cases have no symptoms and occur in an early time.Cancer patients are high-risk patients of venous thrombus.We should take early preventive intervention and treatment to reduce the incidence of venous thrombosis after catheter insertion.

Objective To investigate the effect of hypobaric hypoxia postconditioning( HHP) on neurological func-tion prognosis in traumatic brain injury( TBI) rats. Methods 48 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham group(n=12),fpi group(n=18) and HHP group(n=18). The rat model of TBI was made by the method of fluid percussion injury( FPI) and rats in HHP group were submitted to HHP(360 Torr,2 h,3 trails spaced at 24 h) starting 3 h after FPI. The learning and memory abilitiy,motor coordination,anxiety and depression-like behaviors and surviving neurons of ipsilateral hippocampus were evaluated by Morris water maze( MWM) ,rotatord test,open-field test and hippocampus nissl stain respectly. Results Morris water maze:compared with sham and HHP group, learning and memory abilitiy of rats in fpi group were significantly decreased(F=4. 257 6,P<0. 05),whereas no difference was observed between sham and HHP group(P>0. 05);Rotatord test:compared with sham group,motor coordination of rats in HHP group were significantly decreased ( F=4. 335 , P<0. 05 ) , whereas no difference was observed between sham and fpi group ( P >0. 05 );Open-field test:compared with sham group, rats of fpi group showed significant anxiety and depression-like behavioral changes, whereas no difference was observed between sham and HHP group;Nissl stain:No difference of surviving neurons of ipsilateral hippocampus CA1 and CA3 re-gion was observed among three gourps at 3 d after FPI(P>0. 05). There were significantly fewer surviving neurons of ipsilateral hippocampus CA1 and CA3 region in fpi group than sham and HHP group at 24 d after FPI ( F =46. 758,5. 486,P<0. 05). Conclusion TBI induces learning and memory impairment,anxiety and depression-like behaviors and neurons death in hippocampus. HHP was first discovered having double effects on neurological func-tion prognosis in TBI rats. On the one hand,HHP can remove the impairment of learning and memory,anxiety and depression-like behaviors and neurons death in hippocampus;on the other hand,HHP impairs motor coordination at the same time.

Objective To investigate the mecbanism of safflor injection treating myocardial contusion following thoracic impact.Methods Thirty healthy Japan big-ear rabbits were randomly assigned to the myocardial contusion control group (control group,n =15) and safflor injection group (safflor group,n =15).The rabbits with severe myocardial contusion were induced by BIM-Ⅱ Horizontal Bioimpact Machine.Blood samples were taken from common carotid artery of both groups to measure the levels of plasma thromboxance A2 (TXA2) and prostaglandin I2 ( PGI2 ) at 10 minutes before impact and at t0 minutes,30 minutes,1,3,6,12 and 24 hours after impact.Rabbits were dissected to observe the gross and micropathological changes of the hern at 24 hours after impact.Results The control group showed a distinct falling of plasma PGI2 concentration and a significant increase of plasma TXA2 concentration in the early period after severe myocardial contusion.The morphological observation revealed severe myocardial tissue injury as well.However,the safflor group showed insignificant variation pertaining to the reduction of plasma PGI2 concentration and increase of plasma TXA2 concentration,but obvious alleviation of myocardial tissue injury,as compared with the control group.Meanwhile,the ratio of TXB2 to 6- Ketoprostaglandin Fla (6-Keto-PGFla) in the safflor group was lower than that of the control group (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Safflor injection has therapeutic effect on myocardial contusion by elevating the concentration of plasma PGI2 and decreasing the concentration of plasma TXA2 in the early period after severe myocardial contusion.

ObjectiveTo observe the protective effects of extract gingko biloba (EGb) on the myocardium mitochondria of diabetic rats.Methods40 Sprague-Dauley rats were divided randomly into the normal control group, diabetic group and EGb treatment group. The morphologic changes of myocardium mitochondria were studied by electron microscope, and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and content of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) in the myocardium mitochondria were assayed by spectophotometer respectively.ResultsThe expansion of mitochondria, shorten of mitochondrial crest were observed under transmission electron microscope in diabetic rats. The activities of SOD and SDH decreased, but that of NOS and the content of NO increased in the diabetic group compared with control group. In EGb treatment group, the morphological change was slight, the activities of SOD and SDH were increased as well as NOS and the content of NO, MDA decreased compared with the diabetic group.ConclusionEGb can protect myocardium mitochondria of experimentally diabetic rats from lesion of free radical and excessive NO, and enhance the activity of SDH, protect myocardium of diabetic rat consequently.

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on diabetic testis and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS: Testicular structure of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was observed under light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Content of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO_2~-/NO_3~- and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were determined in testicular homogenate. RESULTS: In diabetic rats, it was manifestated as deformation of seminiferous tubule, atrophy and shedding of germinal epithelium under LM, while expansion of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, formation of fatty vacuoles and decrease of lysosome obviously in the cytoplasm of sertoli cell under TEM, the injury of testicular tissue was improved by GBE. Compared with diabetic rats, activity of SOD increased while activity of tNOS and iNOS, content of MDA and NO_2~-/NO_3~- decreased in GBE-treated rats. CONCLUSION: GBE could effectively prevent the development of diabetic testis and the effect may be partly achieved by resisting lipid peroxidation,restraining the activity of testicular tissue iNOS and reducing the pathological alterations of NO. [

AIM: To investigate the effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) on diaphragm from diabetic rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dauley rats were divided into three groups: normal control, diabetic group and EGb treatment group. The morphologic changes of diaphragm tissues were studied by light and electron microscopy, the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO_2~-/NO_3~-) in the diaphragm mitochondria were assayed by spectophotometer, respectively. RESULTS: The activities of SOD, SDH decreased in diabetic diaphragm mitochondria, but the activitiy of NOS, the contents of NO_2~-/NO_3~-, MDA increased compared with control group. The activities of SOD, SDH were increased as well as NOS were decreased and the contents of NO_2~-/NO_3~-, MDA decreased in EGb treatment group compared with the diabetic group. CONCLUSION: EGb may protects the diaphragm mitochondria of diabetic rats by enhancing the function of respiratory chain, anti-oxidation and decreasing NO level. [

AIM: To study effect of extract of ginkgo biloba(EGb) on the lipid metabolism and the function of macrophages from diabetic rats.METHODS: Sprague-Dauley rats were divided into four groups: normal control group,high-fat group,diabetic group and EGb treatment group.At the end of experiment,the rats were sacrificed,the blood glucose,blood insulin and serum lipid were measured.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),content of malondialdehyde(MDA),nitric oxide(NO) in alveolar macrophages(AM) and peritoneal macrophages(PM) were assayed.In addition,peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ?(PPAR?),CD36 mRNA expression in AM was measured by RT-PCR.RESULTS: The concentration of the blood glucose,blood insulin and total cholesterol(TC),total triglycerides(TG),low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) in blood increased significantly in type 2 diabetic group.The supplement of EGb decreased blood glucose,blood insulin and TC,TG,LDL-C levels.The activity of SOD decreased,while the content of NO,MDA increased in the diabetic macrophages,the activity of SOD became increased,but the content of NO and MDA decreased in EGb-treated group.The mRNA expression level of CD36 and PPAR? in alveolar macrophages from diabetic group increased,while expression level of CD36 and PPAR? mRNA in EGb treated rats continued to rise.CONCLUSIONS: EGb corrected insulin resistance and ameliorated disturbance of lipid metabolism caused by type2 diabetes in rats.Adjustment of PPAR? and CD36 mRNA expression of as well as reduction of lipid peroxidation and NO level may be involved in this process.

Objective To explore the change of Brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in artial septal defect(ASD) patients and the relationship among BNP,ET-1 and pulmonary pressure.Methods 105 final diagnosed ASD patients were divide into non-pulmonary hypertension group (nPH group) and pulmonary hypertension group(PH group),and the PH group were divided into two subgroup:slight PH group,moderate and sever PH group.According to the altitude of habitation,105 ASD patients also were divided into 3 groups:＜ 2 500 m group,2 501-3 500 m group and ＞ 3 500 m group.Plasma BNP were measured by radioimmunity method and ET-1 were measured by ELISA.The data analysis used single factor analysis and Fisher least singnificant difference t test.Results Both the plasma BNP levels (152.34 ± 40.61) pg/ml and ET-1 level (137.69 ± 37.17) pg/ml of the ASD-PH group were significantly higher than those [BNP (126.70 ± 32.27) pg/ml,ET-1 (92.92 ± 32.3) pg/ml] of ASD-nPH group.There were strong difference in plasma BNP levels and ET-1 levels among different degree PH groups(F =6.782,P ＜ 0.05 ; F =8.475,P ＜ 0.05).Statistical difference were also shown in BNP(F =6.846,P ＜ 0.05) and ET-1 (F =9.327,P ＜ 0.05) levels by compared difference altitude groups.The BNP levels are positively correlated with mean pulmonary artery pressure (r =0.326,P ＜ 0.05),size of defect (r=0.301,P＜0.05) and the altitude of habitation (r =0.252,P＜0.05).Conclusion Plasma BNPand ET-1 levelsof ASD-PH group significantly higher than those of ASD-nPH group.By the increasing of the altitude and PH degree,the plasma BNP and ET-1 levels are increasing,which suggest that BNP and ET-1 play an important role on the proceeding and development of the PH and hypoxia promoted secretion of BNP and ET-1.

Objective To explore the change of function and expression of hematopoietic lineage cell specific protein-1 (HS1) and phosphorylated HS1 (p-HIS) and factors devoting to HS1 phosphorylation in platelet with sepsis.Methods Plasma with rich platelet was collected from 150 sepsis patients and 50 healthy subjects, and comparison of platelets adhesion and aggregation were detected by micro-pore method and platelet aggregation instrument.Meanwhile the ATP concentrations of washed platelet of two groups were detected by the kit to compare release reaction.And then total HS1 (t-HIS) and p-HS1 of platelet from two groups were compared by using western blot.Afterwards the specific inhibitors of Src and Syk were used to verify the HS1 activation regulated by Src and Syk in LPS-induced cell model.Results The significant differences were present between healthy subjects and sepsis patients in platelet counts, platelet distribution width (PDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) (P ＜ 0.01).The data showed the sepsis patients had greater ability than healthy subjects in adhesion, aggregation and release reaction.Meanwhile the platelets of sepsis patients had higher concentration of t-HS1 and p-HS1 than healthy subjects, and the specific inhibitors of Src and Syk , PP2 and piceatannol, inhibited the increase in p-HS1 in LPS-induced cell model.Conclusions Function of platelet is closely related to HS1 in sepsis and it will be a target for sepsis therapy.

Objective To study the characteristics of patients with low body mass index (BMI) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods A total of 38 clinically stable patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were enrolled. They were divided into two groups: underweight (UW) group (n=16,BMI<20);normal weight(NW) group(n=22, 20≤BMI<26). Body height and weight, smoking indexs, and six minutes walk distance (6MWD) were assayed. The British Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale was used to assess the degree of dyspnea. St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Short Form 36 item Questionnaire (SF-36) were used for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) evaluation. The serum concentrations of leptin and ghrelin were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the NW group, the inspiratory eapacity(IC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), vital capacity (VC) ,most ventilate volume (MVV) and peak expiratory flow(PEF) were lower(P<0. 05) in the UW group. Residual volume-to-total lung capacity ratio (RV/TLC), smoking indexs and MRC score were higher (all P<0. 05) and 6MWD was significantly lower (P<0. 05) in the UW group than in NW group. Activity scores,impact scores and total scores of SGRQ showed significant deterioration in the UW group (P<0. 05). SF-36 also showed significantly worse scores for the parameters of the emotional and social functioning (P < 0. 05 ). Serum leptin was significantly lower ( P< 0.01 ) and ghrelin was higher in UW group than in NW group (P<0. 05). Stepwise multiple regression analyse showed that lC,mental health(MH) and physical function (PF) of SF-36, leptin,6MWD and smoking indexs were independently correlated with BMI. Conchtsions The pulmonary function, nutritional status, PF and life quality of COPD patients with low BMI were more deteriorative. The most significant influencing factor for BMI in COPD patients was IC. M H,exercise capacity,leptin level and smoking indexs were independently correlated with BMI in COPD patients. It is important to retrieve low BMI in the management of COPD patients.