In recent years, more and more attention has been paid into impairment of central nervous system after diabetes mellitus, including cognitive dysfunction. This paper would review the etiological factor and pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

As an important way to maintain the internal environment of the human body, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the diabetic cognitive dysfunction, which may associate with insulin resistance, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress and other mechanisms. Traditional Chinese Medicine can improve cognitive function of diabetes, in which RAS may play a role.

Learning and memory dysfunction caused by diabetes is gaining an increased attention. Diabetes can significantly increasethe risk of dementia, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease; and diabetes itself can lead to mild or moderate cognition decline.Many clinical and experimental datas indicated that deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance can significantly reduce the threshold of cognitivedysfunction and accelerate the progress of cognitive decline. This paper reviewed the effect of insulin and insulin resistance on cognitivefunction in diabetes.

OBJECTIVEThis study explores the effects of different fibrin glue combination modes on the survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of dental follicle cells (DFCs), as well as to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of fibrin glue as transplantation material.

METHODSThe membranes of surviving DFCs were marked using 3,3'-dioctadecyloxa carbocyanine perchlorate (DIO), and the cell number was counted by using ImageJ2x software. The apoptotic cells were marked with prodium iodide (PI).

RESULTSCompared with that of the 3D-2 and 2D-1 groups, the degradation speed of the 3D-1 group was the slowest. DFCs could survive and grow well in fibrinogen with a concentration of 15 mg · mL⁻¹ supplemented with thrombin with a concentration of 2 U · mL⁻¹. In particular, the 3D-1 combination mode was significantly conducive to cell proliferation and stretching.

CONCLUSIONFibrin glue can be used as an effective cell transplantation material. The different combination modes have certain effects on cell proliferation. The 3D-1 combination mode is more conducive to the survival and proliferation of DFCs than other modes.

Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Dental Sac ; cytology ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; pharmacology ; Fibrinogen ; Humans ; Thrombin

Objective To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluation of the protective effect of edaravone injection in rabbit skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Thirty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were established a model of skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in left hind limb and randomly divided into the experimental group and control group.Edaravone was injected with the dose of 1.5 mg/kg at the time of 30 minutes before reperfusion in the experimental group,the control group were given an equal volume of physiological saline.Blood samples were collected respectively at the times of pre-ischemia,post-ischemia and 24 hours after reperfusion for detecting creatine kinase(CK),lactic dehydrogenase(LDH),and CEUS parameters such as peak intensity(PI),time to peak (TTP) and area under the curve(AUC) were measured at the same time.Pathological examination was carried out after the rabbits were sacrificed.Results ①Serological tests:compared to before the blocking of blood supply,the content of CK and LDH after the blocking were significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01);compared to before or after the blocking,the content of CK and LDH at the time of 24 hours after reperfusion in the two groups were increased,and was lower in the experimental group than the control group.(②CEUS:compared to before the blocking,PI,TTP and AUC in each group were significantly increased after the blocking and at the time of 24 hours after reperfusion(P ＜0.01);compared to those in the control group,PI and AUC in the experimental group were decreased at the time of 24 hours after reperfusion,but there was no significant difference in TTP(P ＞0.05).③Correlation analysis:there was a good correlation between PI,AUC and CK,LDH (r =0.87,0.81,0.86,and 0.80,respectively).④Pathological analysis:muscle fibers were swelling with no stripes,partial fractures and interstitial edema and a large amount of inflammatory cells were infiltrated in the control group,while muscle fibers were almost normal with a small amount of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the experimental group.Conclusions Edaravone injection before reperfusion can obviously improve rabbit skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury,and CEUS can be used to observe these changes directly and effectively.

Objective To investigate the global and regional dyssynchrony of left ventricle in patients with coronary artery disease before and after revascularization by tissue synchronization imaging(TSI).Methods Subjects with the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD)stenosis＞75% who underwent revascularization(n=26)and normal controls(n=30)were studied with TSI.Echocardiography was performed one day before revascularization,then repeated one month and three month after the operation,respectively.The sample volumes were located at the mid-myocardium of base and middle segments in apical four-,two- and three-chamber view of left ventricle.The time-to-peak velocity(Tp)of all myocardial segments were examined to access the regional dyssynchrony,and the standard deviations of Tp of 12 segments(TSD)were calculated to evaluate the global dyssynchrony.Results Before revascularization,Tp of segments in the anterior wall and the interventricutar septum in patients were more delayed than those of control group(P＜0.01),and the color coding of ischemic segments were red and yellow.After operation,Tp of delayed segments were significant improved,and the color coding turn to yellow or even green,but there was still significant difference of Tp between disease group and control group(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).TSD decreased gradually on the preoperatative,early postoperative,and later postoperative echocardiogram,and it on each time point of the disease group were all longer than that of control group.An improvement of TSD was observed after revascularization,especially for the three month examination(P＜0.01),but the difference between early and later postoperation was not significant(P＞0.05).Conclusions The asynchronous motion of LV is very obvious in CAD patients.After revascularization,both global and regional dyssynchrony were improved gradually.Moreover,TSI is a convenient and non-invasive way to quantitate left ventricular asynchrony with the parameters.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of tissue Doppler imaging(TDI)in assessing left ventricular(LV)function after mitral valve replacement(MVR).Methods Forty-five patients having their implantations for more than three months were examined by echocardiography and divided into atrial fibrillation group(AF group,n=21)and sinus rhythm group(SR group,n=24).Thirty normal volunteers served as control group.Left atrium and ventricle indexs of cardiac function and mitral inflow velocity(E)were measured by two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography,and TDI-derived systolic mitral annular velocity(Sm),diastolic mitral annular velocity(Em)and isovolumic relaxation time(IVRT)were measured at the septal and lateral corners of mitral annulus from the apical four-chamber view.Then E/Em ratio was calculated.Results ①Compared with control group,Sm and Em in MVR group were significantly lower and IVRT was higher(P＜0.001),however there were no significant differences between AF group and SR group.② The E/Em ratio in MVR group was significantly higher than that in control group(P＜0.001)and positively correlated with IVRT.The best cutoff value for E/Em ratio was increased of 15 which yielded the sensitivity and specificity in predicting LV diastolic dysfunction were 91.11% and 90.32%,respectively.The area under the ROC curve was 0.9548±0.0402.Conclusions TDI-defived indexes(Sm,Em)can assess LV function accurately and the E/Em ratio,an estimate of myocardial relaxation and LV filling pressures,can be used to evaluate left ventricular diastolic function after MVR.

ObjectiveTo evaluate regional and global systolic function of left ventricle (LV) after mitral valve replacement(MVR) of different methods by 2-dimensional strain (2DS).MethodsAccording to the operational method whether preserve the posterior leaflet and its subvalvular apparatus,48 patients who underwent MVR were divided into two groups,the preservation group (group A) and the resection group (group B).Echocardiography was examinated before and after MVR and the apical four-chamber view,two-chamber view and long-axis view of LV were acquired.Regional peak strain (Sp) and global strain (GS) of LV longitudinal movement were analysed by 2DS software.Results①Compared to preoperation,the Sp in basal segment of posterior septum and inferior wall and middle segment of lateral wall in group A increased significantly ( P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05).The Sp of group B were improved in both basal and middle segments of posterior septum ( P ＜0.05),while declined in middle segment of lateral wall and anterior wall,basal segment of lateral wall and apical segment of anterior wall significantly (P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05).②Compared with group A,subtractions between preoperative and postoperative Sp of group B decreased in middle segment and apical segment of anterior wall,middle segment of lateral wall and middle segment of inferior wall significantly ( P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05).③The GS of group A increased significantly ( P ＜0.05),while that in group B tended to reduce with no statistical significance ( P ＞0.05).Compared with group A,subtractions between preoperative and postoperative GS of group B droped significantly (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionsAppropriate preservation of the posterior leaflet and its subvalvular apparatus has morebeneficial effect in improving the early regional and global function of LV after surgery,which would be recommended in MVR.Early regional and global systolic function of LV after MVR could be accurately evaluated by 2DS relatively,which has the application value of guiding clinical treatment and estimating prognosis.

Objective To explore the differential diagnostic value of speckle-tracking imaging (STI) between dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy(ICM).Methods 40 DCM patients,32 ICM patients and 30 normal controls were enrolled for this study.Different views of high frame images of left ventricle were recorded.The time to peak radial strain,circumferential strain and longitudinal strain of 18 myocardial segments were measured by STI,and the maximum differential (Ts-dif) and the standard deviation(Ts-SD) of time to the peak strain were calculated.The left ventricular parameters measured by STI were compared between DCM and ICM,and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were investigated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results Parameters of different segments of ICM were obviously higher than those of DCM (P ＜ 0.05),and there were significant differences between ICM and DCM.The areas under the ROC curves of Ts-dif and Ts-SD to radial strain were 0.920 and 0.946 respectively.At the cut off of 170 ms and 53 ms for diagnosing DCM and ICM,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 87.5％,87.5％,87.5％ and 90.6％,90％,90.2％ respectively.Conclusions These strain parameters by STI,especially Ts-SD to peak strain can offer a new quantitative diagnostic method in distinguishing DCM from ICM.

Objective To investigate the proliferation and analyze the protein expression of the Hela cells by the regulation of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) that acts as the donor of nitric oxide.Methods Cell morphology and MTT assay were used to analyze cell proliferation.Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and computer-assisted image analysis find the spots of interests. Difference of protein expression between GTN-treating group and control group was detected.Results Hela cells treated with 40?g/ml GTN in culture medium underwent inhibition of the growth activity, which were not clustered and shriveled. Some atypia cells were observed.Density of the cells was obviously decreased(0.0825, P