ObjectiveTo study the relationship between GDNF and ChAT Mrna and their potential role in the diabetic cognitive dysfunction by observing the change of the expression of GDNF and ChAT mRNA in brain under different blood glucose levels in STZ induced diabetic rats.MethodsForty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into diabetic group without blood glucose control( DM1 group),diabetic rats treated with insulin group( DM2 group),and normal control group( NC group).Blood glucose and body weight were detected every 4 weeks.Twelve weeks later,the hippocampus were submitted for cryostat sections which were subjected to the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) for GDNF and ChAT mRNA.ResultsThe expression of GDNF mRNA and ChAT mRNA in the hippocampus have negative correlation with HbAlc level( r =-0.962,-0.974,all P ＜ 0.001 );The GDNF expression had positive correlation with the ChAT mRNA expression( r =0.974,P ＜ 0.001 ).ConclusionLongterm chronic hyperglycation caused the “downregulation” of the GDNF expression in the hippocampal,which could cause the central cholinergic dysfunction symbled with the decrease of ChAT mRNA expression and the decline of learning and cognition ability.

Objective To explore the levels of neutrophil gelatinase -associated lipocalin(NGAL)and Ser-um cystatin C(CysC)in plasma in essential hypertension(EH)and to discuss their clinical significance.Methods 92 patients with essential hypertension were selected as EH group.At the same time,88 healthy subjects were selected as the healthy control group.The levels of plasma NGAL,serum CysC and some other biochemical markers were detected.The results were statistically processed.Results The level of Plasma NGAL in EH group was(149.22 ± 11.52)μg/L and the level of serum CysC in EH group was(0.92 ±0.03)mmol/L.The level of Plasma NGAL in the healthy control group was(101.4 ±7.71)μg/L and the level of serum CysC in the healthy control group was(0.71 ± 0.02)mmol/L.The levels of Plasma NGAL and serum CysC were significantly increased in EH group compared with those of the healthy control group(F =27.491,P <0.01;F =24.646,P <0.01).Plasma NGAL was positively corre-lated with the degree of EH and the level of serum CysC(r =0.48,P <0.01).Conclusion Plasma NGAL and serum CysC were significantly increased in EH patients,with a significant positive correlation to the degree of nephropathy damage.Both of them can become diagnostic measurements for early diagnosis of nephropathy damage induced by EH.

This article discusses challenges in the current U .S.healthcare system and their fundamental cau-ses.Such challenges include increasing health expenditure , deficiency and excess in health service utilization , worse health outcomes than other developed countries , and insufficient GP numbers .We suggest that mistakes in early healthcare legislation and an imperfect health management system are the primary causes for these problems .Implica-tions for China ’ s current ongoing healthcare reform are outlined .We draw on the experience in the U .S.and other developed countries but keep China ’ s unique features in mind .Factors that need to be considered in China are ensu-ring the right of healthcare for all , giving full play to the role of government and primary medical institutions , strengthening support for GPs , reforming payment modes , controlling the growth of health expenditure , strengthening legislation, and handling medical accidents and disputes reasonably .

Objective To explore the therapeutic methods and effects of orbital blow-out fractures.Methods Thirty-three cases (36 eyes) of orbital pure blow-out fracture were treated by surgery from January 2007 to July 2013.The features of orbital fractures were determined with three-dimensional computed tomography scans.The area of fractures was exposed through sub-ciliary incision,the herniated orbital contents were released and reduced to the orbital cavity.The fractured orbital walls were repaired precisely with autologous bone or Medpor.Results After 6 to 12 months followup,there were no serious complications such as infection of bone graft,exposure of implants in all 33 cases,and all the cases got satisfactory appearance of eyelids and orbit,of which the diplopia disappeared and eyeball movement function recovered normally.The protrution of eyeball in 29 cases were symmetrical,but 4 cases presented mild enophthalmos at affected side.Conclusions The orbital volume enlarges and orbital content herniating into paranasal sinuses is caused by orbital blow-out fracture.Implanting autogenous grafts and Medpor to restore orbital volume are proved to be effective.Early CT examination is an effective method for the diagnosis.In order to avoid complications,the orbital blow-out fracture should be subjected to surgical treatment as soon as possible.

0.05. CONCLUSION:Kaixin Powder could enhance VD rats' memory; while Tacrine could enhance VD rats' learning; Kaixin Powder could enhance VD rats' learning and memory as well as Tacrine. Tacrine could down-regulate AChE mRNA expression in hippocampus of VD rats,further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of Kaixin Powder on memory performance in VD rats.

Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic lesions caused by neuronal degeneration and secondary demyelination.Recent studies have shown that a DNA/RNA binding protein named fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma protein (FUS/TLS) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases,such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and polyglutamine diseases.Mutations or dysfunction in FUS/TLS are responsible for the abnormal processes in the related gene transcription,RNA processing,transportation and translation and are highly correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disease.Discovery and the research of FUS/TLS not only contribute to the understanding of neurodegenerative disease at RNA level,but also provide a new way for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a reasonable formulation and preparation technique of Ketorolac Tromethamine eye drops and to study the stability.METHODS:The content,related substances and pH value were taken as the observing pa?rameters to design the formulation and preparation technic.The stability of3batches of sample was tested.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The eye drops was rational in formulation and feasible in preparation technic.The preparation in commercial packing was stable after6-month acceleration test and9-month storage at room temperature.

Objective To survey the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on learning,memory and the dendrite morphology of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in rats with vascular dementia.Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were divided into a control group,a model group and a rTMS group randomly,12 rats in each group.A model of vascular dementia (VaD) was established using the two vessel occlusion method.The rats in the rTMS group were given rTMS treatment.The rats in the other two groups had no therapy.The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the rats' learning and memory abilities on the 30th day after the operation.After the MWM test the dendrite morphology of the pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus was detected after Golgi-Cox staining using light microscopy and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was detected using immunohistochemistry methods.Results The average MWM escape latency in the rTMS group was shorter than in the model group on the 1 st,2nd,3rd and 4th day.The number of crossings of the platform quadrant in the rTMS group was significantly more than in the model group.The number of branch segments,their total length and the dendritic spine density of pyramidal cell dendrites in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were all significantly lower in the model group than in the control group,but in the rTMS group all these indicators were significantly improvedcompared with the model group.The expression of BDNF in the CA1 area in rTMS group was significantly higher than in the model group.Conclusions rTMS can improve learning and memory in VaD,at least in rats.The mechanism may be associated with rTMS promoting the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and so improving the dendrite morphology of pyramidal cells.

Objective To observe the effects of rectal thermal- and pressure- stimuli on visceral perception thresholds in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and investigate its pathogenesis. Methods Rectal visceral perception thresholds were examined in 46 patients with IBS and in 13 normal controls after rectal thermal- and pressure stimuli. Subjects were asked to report its sensation, location and spread. Results Compared with healthy subjects, IBS patients, especially those with diarrhea-predominant IBS, demonstrated significantly lower perception thresholds to rectal thermal and pressure stimuli. Ice had varied effects on symptoms in patients with IBS and no effects on perception thresholds. Conclusion Visceral perception thresholds were decreased significantly after rectal thermal-and pressure- stimuli in patients with IBS. Visceral hypersensitivity is one of the important pathogenesis in IBS.

Objective To investigate the effect of the balance between helper T lymphocyte (Th) 1 cytokines and Th2 cytokines in the serum of hepatic fibrosis rats induced by CCl4 on the expression of β-catenin in their livers. Methods Seventy-five rats were divided into control group,treatment group and model group. Hepatic fibrosis models were built by subcutaneous injection of CCl4in male Wistar rats, then rats in treatment group were treated with pentoxifylline(PTX) by intragastric administration. The model rats without PTX treatment served as treatment control. The serum levels of Th1 cytokines(interferon-γ, IFN-γ; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α), Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4,IL-4;interleukin-6,IL-6) and type Ⅳ collagen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression and distribution of β-catenin in liver tissue and the percentage of area of type Ⅳ collagen accounted in the liver were analyzed by immunohistochemical analyses. The changes in serum cytokines were depicted by using One-way ANOVA, and the correlation between β-catenin expression and cytokines levels or hepatic fibrosis development was elucidated by Bivariate.Results The serum levels of Th2 cytokines in model group were significantly higher than those in treatment group, and even higher than those in control group (F=71. 260,91. 732, all P＜0.05).However, the levels of Th1 cytokines in model group were significantly lower than in treatment group while even lower than those in control group(F= 50. 420,10. 625, all P＜0.05). Serum cytokines came out to be Th2 polarized. Meanwhile, the percentage of type Ⅳ collagen area accounted in the liver,which was corresponding to the degree of liver fibrosis, was lower in the treatment group than the model group and even lower in control group (F=3 000,both P<0.05). β-catenin expression in the liver of model group was stronger than that in the treatment group, and even stronger than that in normal group (F=92. 030, both P＜0. 05). According to β-catenin immunohistochemical analyses based on patho-photos, livers from the model group showed dark color in both cell cytoplasm and nucleus, while the liver from the treatment group only showed weak color in cytoplasm and no straining color in nucleus and the liver from normal group showed colors neither in cytoplasm nor in the nucleus.The expression of β-eatenin had a positive correlation with either the level of Th2 cytokines in serum of rats (r=0. 560,P＜0.01) or the percentage of area of type Ⅳ collagen accounted in the liver of rats (r=0. 757, P＜0. 01). Conclusions Th2 polarization in serum cytokines can aggravate the development of liver fibrosis by inducing the expression of β-catenin, which in the livers of rats is a reflection of the degree of the liver fibrosis.