ObjectiveTo study the relationship between GDNF and ChAT Mrna and their potential role in the diabetic cognitive dysfunction by observing the change of the expression of GDNF and ChAT mRNA in brain under different blood glucose levels in STZ induced diabetic rats.MethodsForty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into diabetic group without blood glucose control( DM1 group),diabetic rats treated with insulin group( DM2 group),and normal control group( NC group).Blood glucose and body weight were detected every 4 weeks.Twelve weeks later,the hippocampus were submitted for cryostat sections which were subjected to the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) for GDNF and ChAT mRNA.ResultsThe expression of GDNF mRNA and ChAT mRNA in the hippocampus have negative correlation with HbAlc level( r =-0.962,-0.974,all P ＜ 0.001 );The GDNF expression had positive correlation with the ChAT mRNA expression( r =0.974,P ＜ 0.001 ).ConclusionLongterm chronic hyperglycation caused the “downregulation” of the GDNF expression in the hippocampal,which could cause the central cholinergic dysfunction symbled with the decrease of ChAT mRNA expression and the decline of learning and cognition ability.

This article discusses challenges in the current U .S.healthcare system and their fundamental cau-ses.Such challenges include increasing health expenditure , deficiency and excess in health service utilization , worse health outcomes than other developed countries , and insufficient GP numbers .We suggest that mistakes in early healthcare legislation and an imperfect health management system are the primary causes for these problems .Implica-tions for China ’ s current ongoing healthcare reform are outlined .We draw on the experience in the U .S.and other developed countries but keep China ’ s unique features in mind .Factors that need to be considered in China are ensu-ring the right of healthcare for all , giving full play to the role of government and primary medical institutions , strengthening support for GPs , reforming payment modes , controlling the growth of health expenditure , strengthening legislation, and handling medical accidents and disputes reasonably .

Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic lesions caused by neuronal degeneration and secondary demyelination.Recent studies have shown that a DNA/RNA binding protein named fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma protein (FUS/TLS) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases,such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and polyglutamine diseases.Mutations or dysfunction in FUS/TLS are responsible for the abnormal processes in the related gene transcription,RNA processing,transportation and translation and are highly correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disease.Discovery and the research of FUS/TLS not only contribute to the understanding of neurodegenerative disease at RNA level,but also provide a new way for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

0.05. CONCLUSION:Kaixin Powder could enhance VD rats' memory; while Tacrine could enhance VD rats' learning; Kaixin Powder could enhance VD rats' learning and memory as well as Tacrine. Tacrine could down-regulate AChE mRNA expression in hippocampus of VD rats,further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of Kaixin Powder on memory performance in VD rats.

Objective To explore the levels of neutrophil gelatinase -associated lipocalin(NGAL)and Ser-um cystatin C(CysC)in plasma in essential hypertension(EH)and to discuss their clinical significance.Methods 92 patients with essential hypertension were selected as EH group.At the same time,88 healthy subjects were selected as the healthy control group.The levels of plasma NGAL,serum CysC and some other biochemical markers were detected.The results were statistically processed.Results The level of Plasma NGAL in EH group was(149.22 ± 11.52)μg/L and the level of serum CysC in EH group was(0.92 ±0.03)mmol/L.The level of Plasma NGAL in the healthy control group was(101.4 ±7.71)μg/L and the level of serum CysC in the healthy control group was(0.71 ± 0.02)mmol/L.The levels of Plasma NGAL and serum CysC were significantly increased in EH group compared with those of the healthy control group(F =27.491,P <0.01;F =24.646,P <0.01).Plasma NGAL was positively corre-lated with the degree of EH and the level of serum CysC(r =0.48,P <0.01).Conclusion Plasma NGAL and serum CysC were significantly increased in EH patients,with a significant positive correlation to the degree of nephropathy damage.Both of them can become diagnostic measurements for early diagnosis of nephropathy damage induced by EH.

Objective To explore the therapeutic methods and effects of orbital blow-out fractures.Methods Thirty-three cases (36 eyes) of orbital pure blow-out fracture were treated by surgery from January 2007 to July 2013.The features of orbital fractures were determined with three-dimensional computed tomography scans.The area of fractures was exposed through sub-ciliary incision,the herniated orbital contents were released and reduced to the orbital cavity.The fractured orbital walls were repaired precisely with autologous bone or Medpor.Results After 6 to 12 months followup,there were no serious complications such as infection of bone graft,exposure of implants in all 33 cases,and all the cases got satisfactory appearance of eyelids and orbit,of which the diplopia disappeared and eyeball movement function recovered normally.The protrution of eyeball in 29 cases were symmetrical,but 4 cases presented mild enophthalmos at affected side.Conclusions The orbital volume enlarges and orbital content herniating into paranasal sinuses is caused by orbital blow-out fracture.Implanting autogenous grafts and Medpor to restore orbital volume are proved to be effective.Early CT examination is an effective method for the diagnosis.In order to avoid complications,the orbital blow-out fracture should be subjected to surgical treatment as soon as possible.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a reasonable formulation and preparation technique of Ketorolac Tromethamine eye drops and to study the stability.METHODS:The content,related substances and pH value were taken as the observing pa?rameters to design the formulation and preparation technic.The stability of3batches of sample was tested.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The eye drops was rational in formulation and feasible in preparation technic.The preparation in commercial packing was stable after6-month acceleration test and9-month storage at room temperature.

Objective To survey the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on learning,memory and the dendrite morphology of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in rats with vascular dementia.Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were divided into a control group,a model group and a rTMS group randomly,12 rats in each group.A model of vascular dementia (VaD) was established using the two vessel occlusion method.The rats in the rTMS group were given rTMS treatment.The rats in the other two groups had no therapy.The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the rats' learning and memory abilities on the 30th day after the operation.After the MWM test the dendrite morphology of the pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus was detected after Golgi-Cox staining using light microscopy and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was detected using immunohistochemistry methods.Results The average MWM escape latency in the rTMS group was shorter than in the model group on the 1 st,2nd,3rd and 4th day.The number of crossings of the platform quadrant in the rTMS group was significantly more than in the model group.The number of branch segments,their total length and the dendritic spine density of pyramidal cell dendrites in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were all significantly lower in the model group than in the control group,but in the rTMS group all these indicators were significantly improvedcompared with the model group.The expression of BDNF in the CA1 area in rTMS group was significantly higher than in the model group.Conclusions rTMS can improve learning and memory in VaD,at least in rats.The mechanism may be associated with rTMS promoting the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and so improving the dendrite morphology of pyramidal cells.

AIM: Direct exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species can induce apoptosis. In this study we investigate how oxidative stress induces cell death in HepG2 cells and characterize the molecular events involved. METHODS: Oxidative stress was created by exposing HepG2 cells to 2 mmol/L H2O2. Apoptosis was determined by analysis of DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electorphoresis. The mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed using DePsipher fluorescent staining and the expression of cytochrome c in the cytosolic fraction was measured by Western blotting analysis.The caspase activity was detected using fluorometric assay kit by a fluorescence microplate reader. RESULTS: When HepG2 cells were treated with 2 mmol/L H2O2, the cells displayed DNA fragmentation, a typical feature of apoptosis, after 12 h. The mitochondrial membrane potential appeared different in two group of cells. H2O2 -treated cells appeared green fluorescence as early as 4 h, which represents de - energized mitochondria, the untreated cells appeared red fluorescence,a feature of mitochondria with intact membrane potential. In treated cells, the expression of cytochrome c increased and accumulated in cytosolic fraction with treatment time, caspase - 3 activity increased by 6.7 - fold ( P ＜ 0.01 ) at 8 h and caspase -9 activity increased by 3.6 - fold (P ＜ 0.01 ) at 12 h, respectively, however, the activity of caspase - 8 remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that oxidative stress can induce apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells, and the mechanism is related to mitochondrial pathway, which activates caspase -9 and- 3, but not caspase -8.

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation training after sports injury is of so great importance in the remaining and relieving of exercise ability that the researches in thisfield need to develop.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of isokinetic training on the functional recovery of knee flexors and extensors and the muscle force around the joint after knee meniscus injuries receiving arthroscopy.DESIGN: Case-control observation SETTING: Department of Police Training, Liaoning Advanced Police Officer School PARTICIPANTS: A total of 20 patients with acute meniscus injury of lateral knee joint were selected from the Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University between September 2004 and January 2005. They were randomly divided into experimental group and control group,including 11 cases respectively. METHODS: All the patients were treated with arthroscope operation, additionally the control patients received routine blocking, physiotherapy and massage, etc. To recover the function. From the 2nd to 4th days postoperative, the patients of experimental group began to carry out the functional rehabilitation, and received isokinetic exercise in both knees flexors and extensors with the Cybex-6000 isokinetic dynamometer 3 weeks later.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak torque values, total work, torque accelerating energy and average power in both knee flexors and extensors at different angular velocities [60, 120 and 180(°)/s].RESULTS: A total of 22 patients were involved in the result analysis.①After arthroscope operation and isokinetic training, the range of joint movement were extended, and the maximum flexion angle changed from (132±25)° to (158±21)°. There were significant differences before and after training by t test (P ＜ 0.01).②The experimental group had statistical significance compare with control group in the test index at 60, 120 and 180(°)/s(P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The arthroscope combining with isokinetic training can speed up the rehabilitation after knee meniscus injury, enhance the muscle force around knee joint and maintain the stability of knee joint and motor ability.