Gut microbiota(GM)consists of a complex community of microorganism species that live in the digestive tracts of animals including humans. Dysbiosis is believed to involve in the development of some diseases. Recently dysbiosis in the patients with Alzheimer′s disease(AD)and AD rat models was reported. GM may influence the pathogenesis and development of AD in several ways. Some neurotoxic substances produced by GM can invade into the brain via circulation and impair the neural functions. These sub?stances include ammonia,cyanobacteria-producedβ-N-methylamino-L-alanine,saxitoxin,anatoxin-αand amyloid. The decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in hippocampus and cerebral cortex induced by dysbiosis contributes to the cognitive dys?function. Dysbiosis related endotoxin can induce inflammation,which is one important risk factor for obesity,insulin resistance(IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus(TIDM). AD and diabetes have good correlation and similarity. Probiotics,prebiotics and Chinese herbal medicines can rebuild GM and have been reported to ameliorate the memory loss of AD patients or model rats. However ,whether and how their preventative and therapeutic effects on AD mediated by GM are worthy of further investigation.

In order to adapt to the modern medical development,the selective course on bacterial drug-resistance was opened for master postgraduates.This paper analyzed the curricular contents,the teaching methods and the questionnaire-done by the master postgraduates.The students could know well the mechanism of bacterial drug-resistance and the basic principle on apphcation of antimicrobial agents.

Objective To test the pathogeny of Vibrio cholerae strains of the epidemic in Jinzhou of Hubei Province.Methods Traditional methods of biochemistry,immobihzation test,string test and typing of blood serum were used to test the 6 strains isolated.The virulence gene which was cholera enterotoxin (ct) was detected by PCR.The whole genome DNA finger print of confirmed strains was analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion respectively with two enzymes Not Ⅰ and Sfi Ⅰ.The DNA fingerprints were analyzed for clusters.Results The 6 strains of Vibrio cholerae were all O139 by traditional laboratory tests;virulence gene was detected in all 6 strains.The banding pattern was the same in the two maps of PFGE.The results of cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficient of the six strains was 100％.Conclusion The epidemic of Vibrio cholerae is caused by the same pathogenic bacterium which is O139.

Objective To establish the quality standard of Yifukang Capsule. Methods The identification of Radix Puerariae, Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, Radix Ginseng was carried out by TLC. The content of puerarin was determined by HPLC. Results Radix Puerariae, Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, Radix Ginseng could be identified by TLC. A good linearity of puerarin was in the range of 0.2～ 1.6 ? g(r=0.9999) and the average recovery of puerarin was 102.6 % , RSD was 1.70 % . Conclusion This method is simple, sensitive, accurate and with good reproducibility and can be used for the quality control of Yifukang Capsule. 

Objective:To research the correlation of serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α and IgA1 in children with allergic purpura and the purpura nephritis.Methods:57 cases with allergic purpura who were treated in our hospital from November 2015 to May 2016 were selected and 29 cases were diagnosed with general allergic purpura,and another 28 cases were diagnosed with purpuric nephritis.30 healthy children were selected as the control group.Then the serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α,IgAl,immunoglobulin A (IgA),C3 and C4 between the three groups were observed and compared.Results:The serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α,IgA1 and IgA in the purpuric nephritis group were higher than those of the control group and the general allergic purpura group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05);The serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α,IgA1 and IgA in the general allergic purpura group were higher than those of the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05);There was no statistically significant difference about the C3 and C4 in the three groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion:The serum levels of IL-21,TGF-β1,TNF-α and IgA1 may be involved in the development ofhenoch-schonlein purpura and purpura nephritis.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect and its mechanisms of Jiusuyu on gastric mucosa of acute alcoholism mice.Methods: Acute alcoholism mouse models were set up by intragastric administration of 56? Hongxing Erguotou wine,compared with Gehuajiecheng liquid,the effect of Jiusuyu on gastric mucosa pathological histology,SOD、MDA、NO and ET-1 of acute alcoholism mice were observed.Results: The gastric mucosa of mice in model group appeared obvious bleeding,fester and ulcer;a lot of phlegmonosis cells infiltrating could be seen below mucosa.At the same time the activity of SOD and level of NO in gastric mucosa were decreased(P

Objective:To investigate the value of visfatin in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors and the feasibility of visfatin as a molecular marker of breast cancer.Methods:A total of 195 breast cancer patients hospitalized in the Cancer Hospital of The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences from December 2017 to July 2018 were selected as the breast cancer group, all of them were women. 80 patients with benign breast diseases in the same period were randomly selected as the breast benign disease group, all of them were women. 80 female employees with normal physical examination in the same year were selected as the normal control group. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum level of visfatin. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between visfatin and clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to get area under curve (AUC) value, and the diagnostic efficacy was analyzed.Results:The serum visfatin level in breast cancer group was significantly higher than that in benign breast disease group and normal control group ( P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the serum visfatin level was related to lymph node metastasis, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and body mass index (BMI) (all P<0.05). The serum visfatin level was positively correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer patients ( r=0.336, P=0.043; r=0.632, P=0.027, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was a risk factor for serum visfatin [ OR=1.098, 95% CI(1.073, 1.226), P=0.02]. According to the ROC curve of serum visfatin level in benign breast disease group and normal group, the AUC of serum visfatin were 0.652 and 0.701, respectively. When the Youden index was the highest, the sensitivity was 52.30% and 55.90% respectively, and the specificity was 73.10% and 75.0% respectively. Conclusions:Serum visfatin level can be used to distinguish benign and malignant breast cancer patients. It has a certain clinical value in the auxiliary diagnosis of breast cancer, and may be used as a potential molecular marker of breast cancer.

Objective To estimate the current quality of the reporting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to digestive diseases in China. Methods All the papers related to RCTs published in Chinese Journal of Digestion from 1999 to 2008 were hand-searched by professional staff then evaluated and analyzed them according to the international reference standard. ResultsIn the 3298 issues of the recent ten years, there were 92 research papers of RCTs which was accounting for 2.8%. The sample size ranged from 18 to 5241. Sixty-one (66.0%) trials included the exact standard of internalize and exclusion. Sixteen (17.4%) trails told the specific method of random allocation and 22(23.9%) were double-blinded. Fifty-eight (63.0%) trials compared the baseline condition of each groups. Seventy-three(79.3%) trails showed the specific approach of statistic. In the end, only 7(5.7%) trails were identified as the strictly-designed RCTs. Conclusions The quantity and quality of the clinical RCTs can not satisfy the demand of clinical practice. Strictly-scientific designed, multicentered, large sample prospective clinical RCT should be advocated.

A novel disposable three electrodes blood alcohol biosensor strip was fabricated by a screen printing technique. Multi-wall carbon nanotube(MWCNT), Meldola′s(MB), alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor (NAD+) were modified on the surface of the carbon working electrode. Then hydrophilic membrane was stuck in the outermost of the three electrodes to make a reaction camera of 5 μL. Experimental results indicated that the biosensor possessed good accuracy and stability, the linear response range was 0.5-20 mmol/L with correlation coefficient of 0.9949, detection limit was 0.22 mmol/L, and the response time was less than 15 s. Some influencing factors to the biosensor were investigated, such as the pH, temperature and interferences. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the methods of biosensor and the headspace vapor phase chromatography in 10 whole blood samples(r=0.97583). Small volume whole blood sucked using siphonage to detect blood alcohol directly and quantitatively was the obvious character of the biosensor.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of adiponectin (ADPN) and its receptors in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley female rats were equally divided into diabetes mellitus (DM) group with streptozotocin(STZ) 60 mg/kg injection, and normal control (NC) group with the same dose of citric acid buffer randomly. At the end of 2, 6, 10 and 12 weeks, weight, fast blood glucose, 24-hour urinary albumin excretion, serum creatinine and serum fast blood insulin were measured. The level of adiponectin in urine and serum was examined by ELISA. The pathological change of kidney tissue was studied by periodic acid-Schiff's staining (PAS) and the expression of adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1), adiponectin receptor 2 (adipoR2) was determined by immunohistochemistry.The NRK-52E cells were cultured with 5 mmol/L glucose (control group), 30 mmol/L glucose (high glucose group), 30 mmol/L glucose+different concentrations of adiponectin (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, ADPN groups), respectively. The mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was measured by RT-PCR after 12 h. Results (1)Both in urine and serum, the levels of ADPN in DM group were higher than that in NC group after 6 weeks (P＜0.01) and increased gradually during the whole experiment. (2)Compared with NC group, the expressions of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in kidney tissues were elevated gradually in DM group. There was a significant positive correlation of ADPN with AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in DM group(r=0.666, P＜0.01;r= 0.684, P＜0.01). (3)The expression of MCP-1 increased in high glucose group, but decreased in 1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L adiponectin group. Conclusions The level of ADPN in urine and serum is positively correlated with its receptors and elevates with the process of diabetic kidney disease. High level of serum adiponectin plays a protective role through the direct action of AdipoR and the alleviation of MCP-1 expression in renal tubules.