ObjectiveTo identify the relevant factors of expansion of contusive cerebral hemorrhage following unilateral decompressive craniectomy in patients with severe craniocerebral injury and discuss their relation with prognosis.MethodsA total of 161 consecutive patients with craniocerebral injury undergoing unilateral decompressive craniectomy were prospectively studied.Their initial cranial CT data (data after injury,data before operation,and data after first operation) were recorded.Mortality or Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 months after injury was used as the criteria for evaluation of prognosis.ResultsThe volume of increased contusive cerebral hemorrhage among the patients after craniectomy was (18.66 ± 22.69) ml.The Rotterdam score of their initial cranial CT after injury was significantly associated with the occurrence or not of expanded contusive cerebral hemorrhage following decompressive craniectomy and the expanded hematoma volume.The expanded volume of contusive cerebral hemorrhage ( ＞ 20 ml) after craniectomy showed significant relevance to mortality and poor prognosis six months later.The magnitude of external cerebral herniation ( ECH ) on the initial post-operative CT was associated with the prognosis. ConclusionsThe severity of patients with craniocerebral injury manifested by the initial cranial CT may predict the risk of expansion of contusive cerebral hemorrhage following decompressive craniectomy.The expansion volume of contusive cerebral hemorrhage and ECH are correlated with mortality and poor prognosis.

Objective To identify the factors enhancing the contusive brain hemorrhage following unilateral decompression craniectomy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI),and to explore the relationship between the initial Rotterdam CT score and clinical outcomes.Methods A prospective study of 291 consecutive patients with TBI admitted from Jan 2008 through Dec 2012 was carried out.Patients treated with unilateral decompression craniectomy were enrolled for study.Patients without preoperative or postoperative cranial CT imaging were excluded.Of them,235 patients were followed up.Gender,age,the causes of injury,preoperative general condition including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score,pupillary response,laboratory data and the initial CT scans before operation,contusion hematoma size in CT scans following operation and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score were recorded.With t test,x2 test and nonparametric rank sum test,differences in the above listed variables were compared between patients with enlarged hematoma size group and those without change in hematoma size.A Classification And Regression Tree (CART) was used to predict the size of hematoma.Correlation analysis was used to find the relationship between the Rotterdam CT scores and GOS scores.Results The differences in age (t =2.034,P =0.043),first Rotterdam CT score (Z =4.838,P ＜ 0.01),GCS score (Z =4.440,P ＜ 0.01),pupillary response (Z =3.235,P =0.001),the length of time elapsed between the trauma occurred and the decompressive craniectomy (Z =3.874,P ＜ 0.01),glucose level (Z =3.880,P ＜ 0.01) and cerebrum hernia magnitude (Z =2.529,P =0.012) were significant between the patients with hematoma expanded (n =120) and those without change in hematoma size (n =115).The results of the CART indicated that Rotterdam score got from the initial head CT,glucose level and the length of time elapsed between trauma occurred and decompressive craniectomy were strong predictors of the risk for expanded hemorrhagic contusions following decompressive craniectomy.Both age and size of the removed bone-flap also could predict the risk of postoperative expansion of hemorrhagic contusions.The overall predictive accuracy of the CART model was 83.3％.Correlation analysis results indicated that Rotterdam CT score was negatively correlated with GOS (r =-0.333,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Initial Rotterdam CT scores,glucose level and the length of time between trauma and decompressive craniectomy may predict the risk of contusions expansion following decompressive craniectomy.Rotterdam CT score was negatively correlated with GOS.

Objective To observe the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCS) transplantation on the brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) after the spinal cord injury (SCI) of rats, and investigate the mechanism of repairing the SCI by MSCS transplantation.Methods Mesenchymal stem cells were cultured from the thighbone of adult SD rats and identified by immunoctochemistry.Seven days after the operation of spinal cord injury, the mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted into the injured spinal cord site.Sixty adult SD rats were random divided into three groups: Spinal cord injury cured with transplants of mesenchymal stem cells to the injured spinal cord site ( group A), spinal cord injury received PBS solution( group B) and control group ( group C).The expression of brain - derived neurotrophic factors of the lesion and neighbor areas were examined by immunohistochemistry, The mechanism of repairing the lesion and neighbor areas were examined by immunohistochemistry, and the mechanisms of repairing the spinal cord injury after mesenchymal stem cells transplantation were investigated.Results Mesenchymal stem cells began to grow after 24 hours of inoculation and proliferate 72 hours later.The proliferate the proliferous cyclewas 4 ～6 days, it declined on the 10th era.Mesenchymal stem cells turned to flat, and the mesenchymal stem cells could maintain the ability of proliferation if bFGF was added.Compared with group B, transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells enhanced more expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors in group A ( 14 d :0.31 ± 0.03 vs 0.25 ± 0.04, P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion Mesenchymal stem cells in transplantation group showed a continued high level of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, which may be one of the mechanisms of repairing the spinal cord injury by mesenchymal stem cells transplantation.

OBJECTIVE To study the risk factors and preventive therapeutic strategies of neurosurgical postoperative intracranial infection.METHODS Totally 1613 patients who had a neurosurgical operation from Jan 2005 to Jun 2008 in our department were chosen(64 cases with intracranial infection).The infection rate was 3.97%.The risk factors were studied retrospectively,?2 test was selected to analyze the factors which might cause infection.RESULTS The analysis of 1613 cases revealed that infection rate was closely related to ventricular drainage,long indwelling drainage,emergency subsequent surgery postcraniotomy,CSF leakage,the approach to the post fossa,surgical microscopy,operation time above 4 h and polluted operation;while had no significonce of sex,age,the season,application of antibiotics before the operation and emergency operation.CONCLUSIONS To decrease the infection rate,the suture should be complete to prevent CSF leakage,polluted region be cleaned effectively,strict asepticly technique be measured,the operation be finished as soon as possible,drainage be prevented from pollution carefully and the duration of the drainage be controlled strictly,especially to the ventricular drainage.

Objective:To investigate the distribution of precancerous conditions and lesions of high-risk population in the high-in-cidence area of esophageal cancer in Ci County, Hebei Province. Methods:Esophageal cancer was detected early in 40 to 69 year old patients in Ci Xian through endoscopic screening data and endoscopic screening using iodine staining and indicative biopsy. The pa-tients were classified according to gender, age group, statistical esophageal precancerous condition, and lesion detection rate. Results:The analysis included 11 423 cases by screening queue, and the esophageal biopsy rate was 66.90%. The detection rates of squamous epithelium with mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia were 11.84%, 2.66%, and 1.04%, respectively. DCIS detection rate was 0.40%in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The detection rate of the patients had been infiltrated by the squamous cell carcinoma was 0.04%.The rate of the squamous cell carcinoma within the mucosa was 0.37%.The rate of the infiltration squamous cell carcinoma was 0.17%. The detection rate of the hyperplasia above average severe dysplasia and cancer was 2.01%. Conclusion: High incidence of esophageal precancerous lesions was found in the Ci County aged 40 to 69. A large number of asymptomatic patients with cancer were detected. Age and sex are closely related to detection rate.

Objective To investigate the main technical points of detachable balloon in management of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas (TCCF) and evaluate objectively the clinical outcome.Methods A total of 59 patients with TCCF were treated with detachable balloons,which involved 64 embolization procedures.Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 2 years. Results Forty-eight patients with TCCF (81％) were successfully occluded with patency of internal carotid artery.The rest 11 patients were obstructed in both the fistula and the internal carotid artery.Recurrent TCCF was found within three days after embolization in five patients (with a recurrence rate of 8％ ) who underwent further embolization,of whom one patient went blind after the procedtre and the eyesight showed no recovery even after another embolization with balloon for successful occlusion of the fistula; one patient presented with intracerebral hematoma at day 3 postoperatively and underwent emergency embolization again to occlude the internal carotid artery and fistula,with slight paralysis of the left limb. Conclusions Embolization of TCCF with detachable balloon is a reliable treatment,which is characterized by slight injury and high safety.However,the disease' s development should be strictly observed after the treatment.In the case of recurrence of symptoms,brain angiography and CT scanning should be rechecked timely and emergency treatment should be performed.

Objective To study the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides combined with metformin on oxidative stress of type 2 diabetic rats. Methods SD rats were fed with high fat diet for 4 weeks and injected with streptozotocin (30 mg·kg-1 ) to produce type 2 diabetic model. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into diabetes model group, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group (600 mg·kg-1 ), metformin group (600 mg·kg-1 ), combination group (ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides 300 mg·kg-1+ metformin 300 mg·kg-1 ), After 12 weeks of treatment, the level of fasting blood glucose was determined, and the activity of superoxide dismutase ( SOD), malondialdehyde ( MDA), catalase ( CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were detected. Results The levels of fasting blood glucose in the treatment groups were significantly lower than that in the diabetes model group (P<0. 01). Furthermore, fasting blood glucose in the combination group was significantly lower than that in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group (P<0. 01). Compared with diabetes model group, serum TC and TG in the treatment groups were significantly lower (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Serum TC and TG were significantly lower in the combination group than in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Compared with diabetes model group, serum SOD levels in the treatment groups were significantly higher (P<0. 01). Compared with ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group, serum SOD levels in the combination group was significantly higher (P<0. 05). Compared with diabetes group, serum MDA levels in the treatment groups were significantly lower (P<0. 01). Serum MDA in the combination group was significantly lower than that in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group ( P<0. 05). Compared with diabetes model group, serum CAT and GSH-Px in the treatment groups were significantly higher (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Serum CAT and GSH-Px in the combination group were significantly higher than those in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group (P<0. 05). Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides combined with metformin could effectively inhibit oxidantion stress in type 2 diabetic rats. The effect was better than ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides or metformin used alone. The possible mechanism may be related to increased activity of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px in vivo and regulation of dyslipidemia.

Objective: Epithelial dysplasia of the esophagus and gastric cardia is precancerous lesion, including mild, moderate and severe levels. In 2000 year, WHO recommended to replace dysplasia with intraepithelial neoplasia. Mild and moderate dysplasia were classified as low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LIN). Cardia adenocarcinoma was suggested to be called esophageal-gastric junction adenocarcinoma. The risk of cancer development and the rule of time evolution were detected in esophagus and esophageal-gastdc junction LIN in high incidence area of esophageal cancer in Northern China, in an effort to provide scientific data for the prevention of esophageal cancer. Methods: Between October 2001 and October 2002, two townships of Cixian were chosen to carry out endoscopic iodine staining screening cohort study. The total population aged 0-85 was 22,016, of which 6,596 aged 40-69 (3257 males and 3339 females). Except for thoese with contraindications and those who refused to join the study, 3,506 cases were finally recruited in the study, and the screening rate was 53.2%. According to WHO criteria of the pathological diagnosis, the esophageal squamous epithelium with mild and moderate dysplasia and esophageal-gastric junction with mild dysplasia were classified into LIN groups (including 616 cases). The control group contained a total of 2,478 cases without precancerous lesions and free of cancer in endoscopic screening. Results: From June to September in 2008, the cohort was followed up and 174 cases were lost, with a follow-up rate of 95.0%. Follow-up was 3,970.7 person- years in the LIN group and 16,120.0 person-years in the control group.Carcinomous conversion rates were 251.7 and 68.2/per 100,000 person- years respectively in the LIN group and the control group. The median time in the two groups was 38 and 47 months, respectively. Compared with that of the normal population, the relative risk (RR) of LIN was 3.69 (95% CI=1.57-8.69, P=0.001). Conclusion: Population with LIN are at high-risk for esophageal cancer and endoscopic examination every year is absolutely necessary.

Objective To investigate the promoter methylation status of SFRP1 and SFRP2 gene in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). Methods Methylation specific PCR (MSP) method was used to examine the methylation status of the 5' CpG island of SFRP1 and SFRP2 gene in tumors and corresponding normal tissues. Results Methylation frequencies of SFRP1 and SFRP2 gene in tumor specimens were 87.2 % (82/94) and 83 %(78/94), which was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal tissues (14.9 % and 55.3 %, respectively) (P <0.001). Methylation frequencies of SFRP1 in lymph node metastasis group (96.4 %) was significantly higher than that in no lymph node metastasis group (73.7 %). Methylation frequencies of SFRP1 and SFRP2 gene in poor differentiation group were all higher than that in moderate and poor-moderate differentiation groups, but both of them did not show significant difference(P >0.05). 63 cases of GCA showed both of SFRP1 and SFRP2 gene simultaneous methylation, which including 36 cases of lymph node metastasis group, 27 cases of no lymph node metastasis group. Simultaneous methylation frequencies of SFRP1 and SFRP2 gene in lymph node metastasis group was higher than that in no lymph node metastasis group, poor differentiation group was higher than that in moderate and poor-moderate differentiation groups, but both of them did not show significant difference (P >0.05). Conclusion Promoter methylation of SFRP1 and SFRP2 might be related with oncogenesis of GCA and hypermethylation of SFRP1 gene might be related with the malignant behavior of GCA.

Objective To investigate whether the macromolecular materials could enter cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues in craniotomy with incision or non-incision of dura and arachnoid. Methods Adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups according to the random number table. The dura and arachnoid of rats in group A were cut open during craniotomy after general anesthesia; epidural craniotomy was done in rats in group B after general anesthesia; rats in group C (control group) were only generally anesthetized. All the rats were injected with Evans blue, a tracer used to detect the results, half an hour before each time point (1,3, 6, 12, 24, 72 hours and 1 week) via vein. The rats were executed at each time point to obtain the specimens of brain. The content of Evans blue in brain tissue was measured by fluorescence spectrophotometer for statistical analysis. The water content in the brain tissue was measured in a part of rats selected in groups A and B preoperatively and at postoperative 3 and 27 hours. Results It was found that some regions of the brain tissue were stained light blue in group A at 1,3, 6 and 24 hours. The blue was much lighter in brain tissue obtained at 72 hours in group A, and no blue stained at 1 week in group A . The contents of Evans blue in the brain tissues of rats in group A at 1,3, 6, 12, 24, 72 hours and 1 week were (18.07±1.25) μg/ml, (36.21±0.78) μg/ml, (25.73±1.14) μg/ml, (16.53±0.84) μg/ml, (23.34±1.91) μg/ml, (43.34±2.25) μg/ml and (25.27±1.88)μg/ml respectively, which were significantly higher than (3.15±0.45)μg/ml, (3.36±0.33)μg/ml, (2.98±0.54)μg/ml, (3.47±0.55)μg/ml, (3.54±0.37) μg/ml, (2.88± 0.42) μg/ml and (2.85±0.22) μg/ml respectively in group B and (2.97±0.37)μg/ml in group C (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in water content in brain tissue before and after operation (P>0.05). Conclusion After craniotomy with incision of dura and arachnoid, some macromolecular materials can enter the subarachnoid space and the brain parenehyma through blood-brain barrier of the wound of the scalp if the dura is sutured loosely.