Single nucleotide polymorphism( SNP) is a major source of genetic differences, and the number of SNP is extremely large. Consequently, a high-throughput, rapid and cost-effective technique is essential for SNP typing. Recently, a set of solutions aimed directly at the bottlenecks in SNP detection were put forward, which including direct PCR from human whole blood, adapter-ligation mediated allele-specific amplification, gene polymorphism detection in one tube, microplate array parallel gel electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis. These methods have been successfully applied in pharmacogenomics, disease-related research, herbal medicine identification and quality control. The results showed that the advantages of the genotyping platforms are highly specific, sensitive, easy to operate and inexpensive with a good prospect of application. The principles and applications of the genotyping platforms in detail were described in this paper.

Macrophages are a diverse phenotype that has important functions in inherent and adaptive immunity. Macrophage ac-tivation has two distinct states of polarization:the classically activated (M1) and the alternatively activated (M2) macrophage pheno-types in different micro-environments. M2 macrophages exert an immuno-regulatory activity that is associated with the induction of Th2 responses. The macrophages can infiltrate in the tumor micro-environment, and is also known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs show the M2 macrophage phenotypes that have been associated with tumor neo-vascularization, infiltration, and metas-tasis. This review aims to investigate the importance of the immuno-regulatory activity of TAM in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancers.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect of valproate and levetiracetam in children with epilepsy.Methods32 patients in the first people's hospital of Xiaoshan district from March 2015 to November 2016 application of levetiracetam in treatment of children with epilepsy as the study group, another year over the same period in 35 cases of infantile epilepsy in children in our hospital using sodium valproate treatment as the observation group, two groups of children with different drugs in the treatment of the obtained to compare therapeutic effect.ResultsCompared with the control group (71.9%), the effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the effective rate was 85.7%.ConclusionSodium valproate is an ideal drug for the treatment of epilepsy in children, the two drugs have a certain anti epileptic effect, but compared to the effect of sodium valproate in the treatment of clinical advantages.

To establish a simple and rapid method to genotype the human single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs). Methods:In the presence of the appropriate Cy5-ddNTPs and dNTPs,the primer was extended by one or more bases depending on the sequence at the polymorphic site. The microchip electrophoresis was used to detect the product of extension.The switching characteristics of the primer extension reaction was increased by introducing an artificially mismatched base into the third position from the 3'-terminus of the primers. Results:Three human SNPs were detected and the alleles were distinguished on the basis of size of the extended product. All samples were accurately assayed within 100 s in microchip electrophoresis. Conclusion:This technique offers a high-speed,easy and cheap method for genotyping SNPs.

Pharmacometabonomics, as an emerging branch of system biology, has been increasingly used in personalized medicine and showed broad prospects. By means of metabonomics, the complicated and detailed metabolic profile of the patient is described, thus providing more detailed description of the disease phenotype. With this understanding, response of different individuals to the drugs are predicted or evaluated through inherent genetic information of the individual combined with the environmental factors. As a result, appropriate drugs and dosage are chosen, which greatly promotes the realization of the individualized therapy goals. This article describes the emerging field of pharmacometabonomics, and the research results of personalized medicine based on the pharmacometabonomics in recent years are reviewed in detail.

[Objective] To investigate the endoscope feature of gastric signet-ring carcinoma and evaluate the methods of diagnosis and treatment. [Methods] To retrospectively analysis 36 cases who were confirm diagnosed.Their clinical feature, endoscope feature, pathologic types and curative effect of therapy were analyzed. [Rusult]Most carcinoma site located at anterior or posterior wall at lesser curvature of mid-upper part of gastric body. Endoscope feature: mucosa plica were tumefactional, small node formated, erosion, it was easy to bleeding. Biopsy: Mojority carcinoma type was BorrmannⅡ and Ⅱb and Ⅱc type. More topical biopsy and deep biopsy were necessary for improving biopsy positive rate. [Conclusion] Endoscope and biopsy are effective methods for early diagnosis of gastric signet-ring carcinima.

Purpose:To evaluate the protection of astragalus injection for Doxorubicin (adriamycin)-associated cardiotoxicity. Methods:58 patients were randomized into two groups for this clinical trial. 30 patients were in the test group ,and 28 in control group. Patients in the test group received astragalus injection in 5% glucose solution once every day for two weeks starting three days before adriamycin-based chemotherapy. 28 patients in the control group began to receive oral vitamin E 100 mg twice a day and coenzyme Q10 20 mg three times a day for two weeks. Chemotherapy is the same as that in the test group. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram were employed to evaluate the cardiac function. Results:There was a substantial difference in ejection fracton between the two groups,but the difference was not statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were observed in the two groups with regard to all other parameters,including abnormal changes in ECG and LVIDD、LVISD、A/E、FS. Conclusions:Astragalus injection is a good drug which can prevent the occurrence of acute cardiotoxicity associated with adriamycin. It can also reduce the occurrence of chronic cardiotoxicity.

Objective To observe the effects of Buqi Huoxue Decoction on levels of ?-AP,TGF-? and IGF-Ⅱ in rats of multi-factor AD model and investigate the mechanism of treating AD with Buqi Huoxue Decoction. Method Multi-factor AD Model was established with D-galactose and SCOP by abdominal injection,AlCl3 by perfusion and QA by hippocampus injection. All rats were randomly divided into five groups:A (control group),B (pseudo injuried group),C (model group),D (Buqi Huoxue Decoction group) and E (hydergine group). Group D was treated by Buqi Huoxue Decoction and group E was treated by hydergine. ?-AP,TGF-? and IGF-Ⅱ level in the blood of AD model were detected by radio-immuno-assay after treatment course. Results ?-AP,TGF-? and IGF-Ⅱ level in the blood of group D and E were decreased significantly compared with group C after treatment. Conclusion Buqi Huoxue Decoction could decrease the high level of ?-AP,TGF-? and IGF-II in the blood of multi-factor AD model,so as to achieve the therapeutic effect.

Objective To assess the value of procalcitonin(PCT) in diagnosis and treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia(VAP). Methods 60 patients on ventilators were divided into VAP group and non-VAP group depending on whether the patients developed VAP in 7 days or not. The VAP group again was divided into PCT group and the control group. Data of PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP) and WBC were assessed at baseline, in 6 hours when VAP was suspected, and every two days after mechanical ventilation. The control group received antibiotics according to usual practice and stopped when CPIS≤6 scores. Antibiotic treatment of the PCT group was based on serum PCT concentrations. Results The CRP and WBC showed no obvious difference between the VAP and non-VAP group before mechanical ventilation ( all P ＞ 0. 05 ), after ventilation both mean values increased, with the P 0. 046 and 0. 822,respectively;Taking CRP≥28mg/L and WBC≥ 10×109/L as the cutoff value,the diagnostic sensitivity of CRP and WBC for VAP were 73.3% and 66.7% respectively,their specificity was 50% and 43.3 % ,respectively.Taking PCT ≥0.40μg/L as the cutoff value, the PCT positive percentage did not show difference between VAP group and non-VAP group before mechanical ventilation( P ＞ 0. 05 ). However, it was much higher in the VAP group than that of non-VAP group after mechanical ventilation( P ＜ 0. 01 ). The PCT level of 0.40 ug/l yielded a 93.3% sensitivity and a 73.3 % specificity for VAP in the study cohort ( AUROCC = 0. 823; 95 % CI,0.71-0. 94; P ＜ 0. 01 ). The antibiotic duration of the PCT group was( 12. 6 ± 5.6) days compared with( 15. 1 ± 9.1 ) days for the control group (P ＜ 0. 05). Patients assigned to the PCT group had 2.5 days shorter mean duration of antibiotic therapy for the first episode of infection than the control group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion PCT had high sensitivity in the diagnosis of VAP. CPIS ≥6 combined with serum levels of PCT ≥0. 40μg/L markedly improved the specificity( 100% ). PCT guidance substantially reduced antibiotic use in VAP, so that timely surveillance of serum PCT was necessary for patients on ventilator.

Objective To obtain high pure myocardiac Troponin T from myocardiac tissue. Methods After the myocardiac tissues were homogenized and purified with high salt solution, the Sephacryl S-300HR column chromatography was employed to separate the cTnT from cardiac proteins, and identified them with SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results The crude cTn was purified by column chromatography, and there appeared three peaks. The second peak was single component, which could react with mouse anti-human Troponin T antibody, and its molecular weight was about 34kD. Conclusions In this experiment, high pure cTnT was obtained, which could pave a way for further research.