Objectives To compare the hemodynamic effects and ventricular activation sequence associated with the respective pacing of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and right ventricular apex (RVA). Methods 79 patients with complete atrioventricular block (AVB) or sick sinus syndrome (SSS)to undergo permanent ventricular stimulation either at the right ventricular apex (RVA) (n = 38) or right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) (n =41) were selected. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),cardiac index (CI), mitral E/A ratio and QRS duration were recorded before implantation of pacemaker and 6 or 12 months after implantation. Results There were no significant differences in CI , LVEF, E/A between RVOT and RVA pacing(P ＞0. 05). Compared with normal sinus rhythm, the QRS duration was significantly lengthened when pacing at RVOT or RVA (P ＜0. 05). RVA pacing was significantly longer than RVOT in QRS duration (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusions There was no significant difference with the hemodynamic effect between RVOT and RVA pacing in subject with normal heart function. Compared with RVA pacing, RVOT pacing remained relatively normal ventricular activation sequence.

Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is a major angiogenic factor that regulates multiple endothelial cell functions. After cerebral ischemia, VEGF not only promotes vascular endothelial proliferation and migration. involving in angiogenesis and increasing vascular permeability, but also plays important roles in both neuroprotection and neurogenesis. This article reviews the roles of VEGF in ischemic cerebral injury.

[Summary] The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes has not been thoroughly understood. MicroRNA is a kind of small molecule RNA in regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level. The dysfunction and amount changes of microRNA involve in the regulation of pancreaticβcell volume and function,and thus are related to type 1 diabetes. Here,we reviewed the research advances of microRNA in the development of the pancreas,insulin secretion and type 1 diabetes.

It is well established that type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.Controversial data exist regarding the differential control of the immune system in TI DM.Recent studies have demonstrated that MicroRNAs (miRNAs),single-stranded noncoding RNAs,may play a key role in regulation of gene expression in the immune system.Dicer enzymes or abnormal miRNAs may lead to autoimmune reactions,and thus is expected to become a target for early diagnosis and treatment of T1DM in the future.This article reviews the correlations of known miRNAs with the immune regulation in T1DM and the research progression.

Objective To explore the risk factors,composition of pathogen and drug sensitivity of pulmonary infection in neurosurgical intensive care unit(NICU) and provide basis forclinical effective prevention and appropriate treatment.Methods Retrospective analysis the detected pathogenic strains,theirdrug resistance and predisposing factors of the cases of pulmonary infection in NICU from January 2010 to September 2011.Results Among the isolated 602 bacteriastrains,363 strains (60.2％ ) were G-bacteria,71 strains ( 11.8％ ) were G + bacteria,168 strains (28 ％ )were molds.In G-bacteria,the main strains are acinetobacter and pseudomonas aeruginosa,and in G+ bacteria,staphylococcus epidermidis based most.Conclusion Acinetobacter has become the dominant flora of pulmonary infection in NICU and it has multidrug resistance to antibiotics in clinical.The Specific pathogen should be indentified through bacteriological examination of sputum as soon as possible,and the antibiotics should be used alternatively based on their drug sensitivity to control lung infection in critically ill patients.

Objective To study the effects of angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 on the growth and metastasis to the liver of gastric cancer and to investigate its effect on the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Methods Metastatic model simulating human gastric cancer was established by orthotopic implantation of histologically intact human tumor tissue into gastric wall of nude mice. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (saline solution), 5 FU group (fluorouracil 30 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 i.p.), SU5416 group (SU5416 15 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 i.p.), and combined treatment of both 5 FU and SU5416 group. Eight weeks after implantation, the tumor weight, inhibition rates, intratumoral microvessel density (MVD), apoptotic index (AI), and the presence of metastasis were evaluated respectively after the mice were sacrificed. Results Compared with the control group, the growth of the orthotopically implanted tumor was significantly inhibited due to the reduced weight and the inhibition rate of tumor was 44.5%, 79.3%, and 84.4% respectively in mice treated with 5 FU, SU5416 and both. The incidences of liver metastases were also significantly decreased in the 5 FU group, SU5416 group, and combined group compared with those in control group (36.4%, 25.0%, and 0% vs 90.0%). The MVD was decreased significantly in the treated mice ( 14.6 ? 5.8 vs 13.1?4.7, 3.9? 1.8 , and 2.1?1.5). The AI was increased significantly in the treated mice [(3.76?2.25)% vs (6.81? 4.92 )%, (9.82?3.76)% and (17.65?9.85)%]. The growth and liver metastasis of human gastric cancer implanted in nude mice were more significantly inhibited in the SU5416 group and combined group than in control group and 5 FU group ( P

Objective To investigate the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on blood-brain barrier permeability and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression after cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats.Methods A total of 154 Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham operation (n = 14),non-ischemic preconditioning (NIP,n = 70),and IP (n = 70) group.The latter two groups were redivided into 5 subgroups (n = 14 in each subgroup).A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was induced by intraluminal suture method.After 10 minutes IP,re-ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 22 hours were performed at day 1,3,7,14,and 21,respectively.The infarct volume was detected using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)staining.The BBB permeability were evaluated by measuring the content of the extravascular exudation of Evan's blue (EB).The degree of cerebral edema was evaluated using the wet-dry weight method.MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression were detected by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization.Results Compared to the corresponding subgroups in the NIP group,the neurological deficit scores,infarct volume,EB content,and brain water content were decreased significantly,and MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression were down-regulated significantly in the day 1,3,and 7 subgroups in the IP group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).The infarct volume and MMP-9 mRNA expression of the day 1,3,7 subgroups in the IP group were more significantly reduced or down-regulated than those of the day 14 and21 subgroups in the IP group.The EB content,brain water content,and MMP-9 protein expression of the day 3 and 7 subgroups were more significantly lower than those in other subgroups.Among them,they were decreased most significantly in the day 3 subgroup (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The changes of IP-induced BBB permeability and the down-regulated MMP-9 expression may play important roles in cerebral ischemic tolerance.

ObjectiveTo study the effects of angiogenesis inhibitor SU6668 on the growth and metastasis of colon cancer in vivo. MethodsMetastatic model of human colon cancer was established by orthotopic implantation of human tumor tissue into colon wall of nude mice. Mice were randomly divided into control, 5 Fu, SU6668, and combined treatment group (both 5 Fu and SU6668 i.p.) respectively. After six weeks tumor weight, inhibition rates, intratumoral microvessel density (MVD), apoptotic index (AI) and metastasis were evaluated. ResultsCompared with control, tumor growth was significantly inhibited in mice treated respectively with 5 Fu, SU6668 and 5Fu plus SU 6668 with an inhibition rate of 0%, 42 6%, 80 9% and 87 2% respectively. MVD decreased significantly in treated groups \[(13 8?5 2)?(12 3?4 5), (2 4?1 5) and (0 9?0 5)\]. AI increased significantly in treated groups \[(3 6?2 4)%? (7 1?5 7)%, (11 9?3 9)% and (19 9?8 6)%\]. The incidences of peritoneal and liver metastases was significantly inhibited in 5 Fu, SU6668 and combined treatment group (100%? 45 5%, 16 7% and 0; 75 0%? 36 4%, 16 7% and 0). The growth and metastasis of human colon cancer implanted in nude mice were significantly inhibited in the SU6668 group and combined group than that in control group and 5 Fu group ( P

Objective To establish an orthotopic implantation and metastasis model of human colon cancer in nude mice. Methods Tumor cell line SW1116 of human colon adenocarcinoma was inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice to develop implantation tumor.Histologically intact tumor tissue was then harvested and implanted to the colon wall of nude mice to set up a model similar to human colon cancer.The formation of implanted tumor rate, local tumor growth characteristics,and metastasis rates were examined. Results A 100% lymphatic metastasis rate was obtained in this model. The incidences of local lymphatic metastasis, peritoneal and liver metastases were 100%, 91.7% and 75.0% respectively.Emacication and exhaustion of the nude mice were presented in late stage of the experimentation. The median survival time of the tumor-bearing nude mice was 10 weeks. Conclusions The orthotopic implantation tumor and metastasis model provide useful tools for the study of mechanism of metastasis and its treatment of human colon cancer.

Objective: To study the inhibition effects of thalidomide on the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer in vivo in nude mice. Methods: Metastatic model simulating human gastric cancer was established by orthotopic implantation of histologically intact human tumor tissue into gastric wall of nude mice. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (saline solution 0.5 ml, ip), 5 FU group (fluorouracil 30 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 , ip), thalidomide group (thalidomide 250 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ,ip), combined treatment group (both 5 FU and thalidomide, ip). Six weeks after implantation, the tumor weight, inhibition rates, intratumoral microvessel density (MVD), apoptotic index (AI) and the metastasis were evaluated after the mice were sacrificed. Results: Compared with the control group, growth of tumor was significantly reduced in mice treated with 5 FU, thalidomide and combined treatment (inhibition rate 39.8%, 48.1% and 74.1%). The incidences of liver metastases was also significantly inhibited in the 5 FU group, thalidomide group and combined treatment group than in control group(8/11 vs 4/12, 3/12 and 0/12). The incidences of peritoneal metastases was also significantly inhibited in the 5 FU group, thalidomide group and combined treatment group than in control group(7/11 vs 3/12, 3/12 and 0/12). The MVD decreased significantly in thalidomide group and combined treatment group. AI increased significantly in the treated mice. Conclusion: Thalidomide can induce apoptosis in gastric cancer by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and has inhibitory effect on growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer implanted in nude mice. Combination of thalidomide with cytotoxic agents is more effective.