Objective:To establish a method to determine the residual solvents in salvianolic acid B. Methods: The headspace GC was carried out on an HP-5 capillary column(30 m × 0. 32 mm,0. 6 μm). The inlet temperature was 180℃. The injection volume was 0. 1ml and the separation ratio was 1:10. The column temperature was programmed:the initial temperature was 40℃, malntalned for 6 min, ralsed to 180℃ with a rate of 15 ℃·min-1 , and malntalned for another 5 min. The detector was FID with the temperature of 250℃. The carrier gas was N2 with the flow rate of 1. 7 ml·min-1 . DMSO was used as the solvent for salvianolic acid B. Results:All solvents could be separated completely. The linear range of ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate was 12. 650-1. 012 × 103 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 3),12.750-1.012 ×103 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7) and 12.550-1.004 ×103 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7), respectively. The average recovery of ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate was 96. 89% (RSD=3. 81%,n=9), 99. 56% (RSD=4. 05%,n=9) and 97. 21% (RSD=4. 95%,n=9), respectively. Conclusion:The method is simple, reproducible and accurate enough for the determi-nation of residual solvents in salvianolic acid B.

BACKGROUND: Posterior antebrachial skin is beneficial for repairing injury of dorsum of hand; however, according to lacking operative researches on distal pedicel arterial perforators of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve nutrient vessel flap, it is still a confusing problem in clinic.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the features of distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm and provide anatomical theories for suitable designing pedicle flap and compound flap at distal flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve.DESIGN: Single sample observation.SETTING: Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIAL5: The experiment was carried out at the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from May to October, 2004. Thirty-three upper limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex through arteries were provided by Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of PLA.METHODS: Thirty-three adults upper limbs were dissected and observed with microscope with taking rhe styloid process of ulna and radius as pivot point.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm; ② nutrient vessels of distal posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve; ③ their blood supply relationship with nearby muscle, bone and skin.RESULTS: ① Along extensor digitorum communis muscle, distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm were perforated along bilateral muscular interspace and tendon interspace to form lateral and interior inosculated vascular plexuses of fascia. The axis of lateral muscle interspace, dorsal antebrachial lateral vascular plexuses consisted of lateral branch of dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery, radial interosseous cutaneous perforators, radial interosseous cutaneous perforators of posterior interosseous artery, carpal dorsal branch of radial artery and its perforators. The axis of medial muscle interspace, dorsal antebrachial medial vascular plexuses was consisted of medial branch of dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery, ulnaris interosseous cutaneous perforators, ulnaris interosseous cutaneous perforators of posterior interosseous artery, carpal dorsal branch of ulnaris artery and its perforators. ②Above mentioned arterial perforators sent out cutaneous branches, fascia branches and posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve nutrient vessel to form vascular chain of cutaneous nerve stem and vascular nets of deep and superficial fascia.Muscle-periosteum branches of posterior interosseous artery had some ulnar periostea whose radial interosseous cutaneous perforators were anastoimosed with periosteum vessels in the middle and inferior segments of radius; therefore,there was an anatomic basis for distal pedicele compound flap.CONCLUSION: Blood supply of distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm is characterized by multiple sources, obviously longitudinal distribution and homologous nutrient vessel; therefore, there are three blood-supplied distal pedicled flap or compound flap of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve nutrient vessel. Rotation point of distal pediclde flap can reach wrist joint, and the compound flap can be applied in repairing the injury of distal tissue of hand.

Organ transplantation is the gold standard of treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure.However,transplant recipients must take immunosuppressive drugs lifelong to fight against rejection,which is inevitably caused by the recipient' s immune system in response to transplanted foreign tissues.Despite advances in the prevention of acute rejection,it is still a significant and potentially devastating complication of solid organ transplantation.Moreover,chronic allograft dysfunction as a result of acute and chronic alloimmune-mediated injury still develops in a majority of transplant recipients regardless of continuous immunosuppression.While host adaptive immune responses elicited by T lymphocytes are primarily responsible for allotransplant rejection,emerging evidence supports an important role of the innate immune system in the development of organ rejection.Innate immune recognition is initiated by a set of diverse receptors that belong to different protein families including the family of toll-like receptors (TLRs).TLR signaling is a highly specialized system that can identify a variety of microbial and endogenous mediators,and activate the innate immune system in response to danger.The discovery of TLRs over the past 10 years has started a new era in understanding the molecular events that initiate and regulate the inflammatory response following organ transplantation.They influence the adaptive immune reactions and contribute to ischemic reperfusion injury,acute and chronic allograft rejection,and tolerance induction.Their role as potential targets for therapeutic intervention has just begun to be appreciated.In this article,we summarize the structural and functional characteristics of TLRs and their ligands.We focus on the studies to define the roles of TLRs in ischemic reperfusion injury,allotransplant rejection,and immune regulation in both animal models and clinical transplantation.

OBJECTIVE:To provide theoretical support for the scientific and reasonable policy-making of 23-valent pneumococ-cal polysaccharide vaccine(PPV-23)in elderly. METHODS:Retrieved from CJFD,Wanfang Database,Elsevier and PubMed,lit-erature about the pharmacoeconomics evaluation of PPV-23 in elder were selected and statistically analyzed in respects of cost stud-ies,effect indexes and research perspectives. RESULTS:Totally 13 literatures were included,involving 900 472 patients,who were older than 60 years old. Study locations were mainly Colombia,the United States,Italy,Belgium and China. Study results showed,each additional quality-adjusted life-year(QALY)cost was between $ 9 239-$ 33 000 in respect of cost;cost-effectiveness ratio was between $ 9 239-$ 45 161/QALY in respect of effect indexes. Most researches showed PPV-23 in elderly older than 65 years old had certain cast-effectiveness. Only a research in Netherlands held the idea that PPV-23 in elderly was not considered cost-effectiveness.CONCLUSIONS:Putting PPV-23 inelderly has certain cost-effecctiveness and most countries has put it into nation-al immunization program. The present researches can't ensure the economy of putting ppv-23 in elderly in china,so it needs more researches with high quality to ensure it.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of using corrected body weight to set the tide volume for mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia in obese patients.Methods Ninety-six ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ obese patients,with a body mass index of 28-44 kg/m2,scheduled for elective extremity surgery under general anesthesia,were divided into 3 groups (32 cases of each group) by random digits table method:tide volume based on actual body weight group (group A),tide volume based on ideal body weight group(group B),and tide volume based on corrected body weight group(group C).The pulmonary function of all patients was normal.The patients were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated after induction of anesthesia.According to the corresponding body weight,the initial tide volume was set based on 8 ml/kg in each group(respiratory rate:15 bpm).At 10 min after start of mechanical ventilation,peak airway pressure (Ppeak),airway plateau pressure (Pplat),airwayresistance (Raw) were recorded.Arterial blood samples were collected at 30 min of mechanical ventilation for blood gas analysis and arterial blood oxygen partial pressure (PaO2),arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and the patients requiring readjustment of tide volume were also recorded.Results The level of Ppeak,Pplat,Raw in group B and group C were significantly lower than those in group A[(15.3 ± 1.8),(18.5 ± 2.6) cmH2O (1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa) vs.(23.2 ±3.3) cmH2O; (11.5 ± 1.6),(14.3 ± 1.4) cmH2O vs.(17.6 ±2.7) cmH2O; (10.8 ± 1.7),(12.5 ± 2.6) cmH2O/ (L·s) vs.(16.8 ± 3.0) cmH2O/ (L·s)],and the level of PaCO2 in group B and group C was significantly higher than that in group A [(48.8 ± 3.1),(40.2 ± 2.3) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(28.6 ± 3.8) mmHg],there was significant difference(P ＜ 0.01).The level of PaO2 and oxygenation index in three groups had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).There were no patients requiring readjustment of tide volume in group C,however,93.8％ (30/32) patients required readjustment of tide volume in group A and 81.2 ％ (26/32) in group B,there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Corrected body weight based on 8 ml/kg can be used to set the tide volume for mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia in obese patients with normal pulmonary function.

Objective To research a pure capacitance sensor for acquisition of cardiac phonocardiogram. Methods Under the phantom power supply (48V), the faint vibration signal of the heart was processed into electric signal by larger pre - treatment circuit module, shielded cable and the sensor pre-amplifier of circuit module. Results With some experiments, it can be proved that the sensor won't have affect on the sound field which frequency band under 1 000Hz and can detect the level of sound field like 20dB:30dB and 150dB or higher. Conclusion So with the sensor, the precise signal which can exactly reflect the status of patients' hearts can be detected, and it suits to work in complex condition for its high sensitivity, wide frequency band and low distortion.

BACKGROUND: The distally based skin flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve has provided a method with higher achievement ratio to repair the tissue defect of ankle and foot, due to its high rotation point, lacking of distributive characteristics of distally pedicled vessels description for the specific operations, so it is still difficult in clinical application.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distal artery perforators of medial leg, so as to suggest an anatomical theory for the reasonable design of the distally based compound flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein.DESIGN: A single sample experiment.SETTING: Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from May to October, 2004.Thirty-four adult specimens perfused with red emulsion at lateral arteries of upper lower limbs were provided by the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.METHODS: Specimens of the distal medial legs were dissected with microscope taking the most prominent point of medial malleolus as the pivot point.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Distal artery perforators of medial leg; ② Distal nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein; ③ Blood supply correlation of nutrient vessel with neighboring muscle, bone and skin.RESULTS: ① The distal artery perforators of medial leg derived from 9 main blood supplying sources were as follows:Intermuscular perforator of posterior tibial artery, superior malleolar branches of anterior tibial artery, osteocutaneous perforators of peroneal artery or posterior tibial artery, medial malleolar branch of medial anterior malleolar artery, tarsal tunnel branch of posterior tibial artery, medial malleolar branch of medial plantar artery, medial malleolar branch of lateral plantar artery, medial malleolar branch of the superficial branch of medial plantar artery and medial maleolar branch of medial tarsal artery. ② The above-mentioned artery perforators sent out cutaneous branches, fascial branches, periosteal branches, nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve and great saphenous vein, thus formed a superior and inferior vascular net of deep fascia, vascular chain of superficial fascia and neurocutaneous superficial vein, and periosteal vascular network. Artery perforators constituted 3 distal longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus in medial leg (anterior, middle and posterior), including anterior longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus of medial anterior malleolar artery and superior malleolar branch of anterior tibial artery; middle longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus of osteocutaneous perforators; posterior longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus of malleolar canal artery perforators and intermuscular perforators of posterior tibial arteries.CONCLUSION: The blood supply of distal medial leg, which makes the anatomical basis for distally pedicled compound flaps, has the anatomical characteristics of multiple-sources, longitudinal distribution and homogeneity of nutrient vessels.Three kinds of distally pedicled skin flap supplied by nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein can be designed by taking the intermuscular perforator of posterior tibial artery, fascial perforators of medial anterior malleolar artery and artery perforators of tarsal tunnel perforators as pedicle, and the point of rotation is on the plane of medial malleolus, which are suitable for repairing the defects of distal leg, ankle and foot.

Objective　To evaluate the effect of intravascular occlusion for carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) by analying the clinical features of CCF. Methods　Twelve cases with CCF were analysed on their medical histories, clinical features in the eyes, clinical examinations and the therapeutic effects of balloon occlusion in internal carotid artery.Results　Ten cases were treated successfully(83.33%), in which 2 cases were treated once more. There was no operation complication. The visual acuity of one case increased from no light perception to finger movement within 1 week preoperatively. The visual acuity of 10 cases improved 1～4 lines (Snellen chart). Some clinical symptoms and signs such as the lid, conjunctiva swelling, diplopia, the movement of eyeball and retinal hemorrhage were decreased remarkably. Carotid fistula of 12 cases with CCF were found to be occlusioned by digital subtraction angiography after operations.Conclusion　The early diagnosis and treatment for CCF are necessary. Color doppler flow imaging, CT and DSA are useful examination methods for diagnosis of CCF. Intravascular occlusion is the best therapeutic method for CCF nowadays.

Host genes involved in lipid metabolism are differentially affected during the early stages of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.Here we demonstrate that artificial up-regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis has a positive effect on the replication of the HCV full-length replicon when cells were treated with nystatin.Conversely,the HCV RNA replication was decreased when fatty acid biosynthesis was inhibited with 25-hydroxycholesterol and PDMP(D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3- morpholino-1-propanol).In agreement with these results,the expression level of GlcT-1(ceramide glucosyltransferase),a host glucosyltransferase in the first step of GSL (glycosphingolipid) biosynthesis,was found to be closely associated with the expression and replication of HCV RNA.On the other hand,the viral RNA can also activate GlcT-1 in the early stage of viral RNA transfection in vitro.To identify viral factors that are responsible for GlcT-1 activation,we constructed ten stable Vero cell lines that express individual HCV proteins.Based on the analyses of these cell lines and transient transfection assay of the GlcT-1 promoter regions,we conclude that HCV proteins,especially NS5A and NS5B,have positive effects on the expression of GlcT-1.It is possible that NS5A and NS5B stimulate transcription factor(s) to activate the expression of GlcT-1 by increasing its transcription level.

BACKGROUND:In recent years, endoplasmic reticulum stress-caused apoptosis plays a crucial role in ischemia impairment and has become the hotspot of studies addressing myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The lower limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP) has the obvious protective effect on the immature myocardium, but until now, no study reports whether LIP effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis in immature myocardial cells. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of LIP on endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis.
METHODS:Langendorff-perfused isolated rabbit hearts were used in this study. Twenty-four immature rabbits were randomized into three groups. Control group:Isolated rabbit heart was only perfused with Krebs-Henseleit for 180 minutes. I/R group:Isolated rabbit heart was perfused 20 minutes, and then ischemia for 60 minutes fol owed by reperfusion 100 minutes. LIP group:Limbs were repeatedly obstructed 5 minutes and relaxed 5 minutes for three times, to establish Langendorff models, and then repeated the method of ischemia/reperfusion in I/R group. The myocardial apoptosis was assayed with TUNEL method. The expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, Bcl-2, Bax and Fas was detected with western blot analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with I/R group, apoptosis rate was significantly lower, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly higher, and the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, Bax and Fas was significantly lower in LIP group. This study demonstrated that LIP regulates myocardial cellapoptosis through reducing the expression of endopasmic reticulum stress GRP78, Bax and Fas and increasing the expression of Bcl-2.