Objective To study the reaction mechanism of ginsenosides in red ginseng processing. Methods The major constituents of ginsenosides were assigned by HPLC/MS/MS data. Ginsenosides (including protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and oleanolic acid type) of white ginseng and red ginseng were compared by HPLC/MS data. Results Ginsenosides were produced from esterolysis of corresponding malonyl ginsenosides in red ginseng processing. Another reaction of malonyl ginsenosides in red ginseng processing was decarboxylated to produce corresponding acetyl ginsenosides. Hydrolysis of glycosidic bond at C_(20) and isomerous reaction of C_(20) were the main reaction of dammarane type ginsenoside. High degree of esterolysis and glycosidic bond hydrolysis of oleanolic acid type ginsenosides all occurred during the red ginseng processing. Conclusion Great changes of ginsenosides have been obviously found in processing ginseng to red ginseng. Special constituents of red ginseng could be produced in ginseng processing.

This paper reviews recent development and applications of high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) in the separations on the analytical scale,the semi-preparative and preparative scale of natural products,antibiotics,proteins,inorganic compounds etc.Several series of two-phase solvent systems to facilitate the systematic search suitable for HSCCC are introduced.And the new countercurrent chromatography (CCC)technologies such as HSCCC coupled with MS,pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography,and ion-pairing Countercurrent Chromatography are explained and prospected in term of applications.

AIM: To optimize the excipient formulation of lactose,HPMC_(SH4000) and Carbopol 71 G in breviscapin sustained release tablets by mixture uniform design. METHODS: Different formulations,single factor f_2 and multifactors of cumulative release as index,were evaluated respectively. RESULTS: The optical formulations obtained by the two methods were identical,and the tablets with optical formulation had ideal sustained release. CONCLUSION: Mixture uniform design is simple,direct and uniform.It can be used in optimization of formulation with invariable amount.

AIM:To establish the fingerprint analysis method of Yaotongning Capsule by HPLC-DAD.METHODS:This experiment used homogeneous design to optimize extract method.the analysis was performed on an Agilent C_ 18(4.6 mm?250 mm,5 ?m.)column with a acetonitrile-0.2 acetic acid,0.2% triethylamine.Detection time was 60 min.The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the wavelength was at 254 nm.Effect of solvents time and method of extract on experiment was studied,then calculated fingerprint similarities to evaluate,the samples' stability.RESULTS:15 peaks including strychnine,brucine,glycyrrhizic acid,ecdy sterone and ephephedrine,were separated on HPLC fingerprint in Yaotongning Capsule.CONCLUSION:The method is reliable,accurate and can be used as a quality control for Yaotongning Capsule.

Objective To study the molecular mechanism of acute myocardial infarction(AMI),searching for protective genes and injury-related ones,aimed to fight myocardial infarction disease.Methods Rat model of AMI was established with left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation.Gene chip was used to verify the mechanism of AMI at molecular level.Results The author screened out 190 differential expression genes between AMI rat myocardium and sham operated rat myocardium in the gene expression profile study;In the Model/Sham operation gene expression profile,there were 89 genes depressed expression and 101 genes elevated expression.Most of them involve in the 12 known categories,and relate to the metoblolism,signal and trandport pathways.Conclusion The major possible mechanism of AMI is to regulate the local expression of related gene through a multi-pathway.

Objective: To introduce a new way, which facilitates the systematic search and evaluation of the solvent systems suitable for high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). Methods: The software integrated with the thermodynamics solution functions and theory is directive to calculate the composition, physical parameters, such as volume, viscosity, dielectric constants, and polarity parameters of the upper and lower phases. Results: Separation of Guizhi-decoction Fr. A by HSCCC, one of traditional Chinese medcines, is conducted to prove the applicability of this software in selection and optimization of solvent systems. Conclusion: This software can be used to select and optimize the solvent systems of HSCCC. It is supposed to extend this method.

By comparing with the molecule weights, retention times and product ion spectra of the standards, the cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were identified in the traditional Chinese compound medicine——“Qingkailing” injection by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Two other isomers of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid were also found, but tieir detail structure was still unknown due to the absence of standards. A quantitative method to determine cholic acid in the medicine was established and studied. An internal standard was used in quantitative analysis. When the concentration of cholic acid is from 875 ng/L to 140 μg/L, the chromatographic peak area and concentration are of good linear relation. The linear correlation coefficient was determined to be 0.9999 and the RSD is 2.04%. This method is simple, selective and highly sensitive, which is helpful for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.

The objective of this study is to fully investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of action of Gegen Qinlian decoction (GD) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). A rat model of type 2 DM was established with the combination of high-fat diet and multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ). Biochemical indicators related to glucose metabolism disorders, insulin resistance, oxidative stress were observed. The type 2 DM rats were administrated with GD for 80 days, the above-mentioned indexes were detected. The results indicated that the hepatic glycogen synthesis level was promoted, fasting blood glucose level and fasting blood insulin level were significantly reduced, insulin sensitivity index was significantly improved; the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced; pathologic morphology of pancreas and kidney was ameliorated in the GD group. It was indicated that the therapeutic mechanisms of action of GD on type 2 DM might be related to its effect of ameliorating glucose metabolism disorders, relieving insulin resistance, increasing the tissues' sensitivity to insulin, improving the antioxidative ability of living system, GD has therapeutic effect on type 2 DM and protective effects against damaged pancreatic function.

Objective To improve survival rate of hair follicle after hair-bearing scalp minigrafting and to investigate the role of microsurgery in this procedure. Methods From 1990 to 2003, 156 cases suffered from male pattern baldness (MPB) and cicatrical baldness (CB) received hair-bearing scalp minigrafting. Moreover microsurgical technique was applied to this procedure. Among of them, the largest alopecia zone was about 12.5 cm ?15 cm. Results Survival rate of transplanted hair follicles was 95% (MPB) and 89% (CB) respectively. Baldness never occured in the former alopecia zone. Survival rate of transplanted hair follicles in CB was significantly higher than that of the former reports. There were 2 cases with abnormal figure of hair margin and 4 cases with unsatisfactory hair direction in hair grafted zone. Hematoma occurred in 2 patients who had no negative effects on hair follicle after hematoma were cleaned. The other cases all obtained satisfactory postoperative appearance. Conclusions Hair-bearing scalp minigrafting, combined with microsurgery technique, can improve survival rate of hair follicle after hair transplantation. Preoperative design, choice of indication and anesthesia, etc. are very important, too.

Objective: To establish two methods (HPLC UV and HPLC ELSD)for the determination of 3 kinds of cholic acids in Qingkailing Injection, and compare them with UV method. Methods: Two HPLC methods detected by UV and ELSD, respectively have been developed: Phenomenex Luna C 18 column(250mm?4.6mm,5?)with linear gradient elution using methanol acetotrile(4∶1) and 0.1% aqueous formic acid. Results: Three kinds of cholic acids in Qingkailing could be determined simultaneously by HPLC UV and HPLC ELSD. The recovery of three method were 100%,97%,95%～96% for HPLC/ELSD,HPLC/UV,UV, respectively. Conclusion: The HPLC ELSD method was accurate and specific to determine the content of cholic acids in Qingkailing Injection.