The history and present status of phytoplasma classification are introduced briefly in this paper.The newly classification methods and rules for the description of Candidatus species are reviewed.The key problems and direction on the classification and identification of phytoplasmas in China are discussed.

ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence,etiology and clinical treatment of the impacted maxillary central incisors.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 29 cases of impacted maxillary central incisors that were randomly selected from the 1000 patients.Age of the patient was ranged from 7 to 23 years with median 11.1 years.Numbers of impacted teeth were 32,in which 22teeth were intraosseous impaction and others were extraosseous.The incidence,etiology,sites and direction of impacted teeth and their treatment approaches were explored in this study.Results Impac tion of maxillary central incisors occurred more frequently in females than in males,with a ratio of 1.0 ∶ 1.2.The ratio of intraosseous impaction to extraosseous one was 11 ∶ 5.The insufficient eruption space of maxillary central incisors was present in 65％ patients,but intermediate and severe crowded teeth only accounted for 15％.The incidence of the abnormal site and position of impacted teeth reached 71 ％.The clinical approach and solution were surgical-orthodontic treatment,transplantation or removal of impacted teeth.ConclusionsThe main cause is abnormity of teeth in the shape and position.Most of the impacted maxillary central incisors could be moved to the correct position by effective treatment.

Objective To study the effects of rehabilitation(RT)on cardiac function in cerebral infarct (CIF)patients with cardiac insufficiency(CIS).Methods Fifty-nine CIF patients with CIS were randomly divid- ed into a treatment group(T group,n=29)and a control group(n=30),and all patients were treated with routine pharmacotherapy for 2 months.In addition,RT was administrated in the T group at the same time.The grading of the New York Heart Association(NYHA)and the changes in cardiac function associated index were observed in both groups before and after treatment.Results Compared with the control group,NYHA grades,left ventricle ejection fraction(LVEF),the levels of brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)in the blood plasma,and the 6min walking range of the T group patients were all significantly improved after treatment(P＜0.05).Conclusion RT can improve car- diac function in CIF patients with CIS.

Objective To observe plasma resistin levels in patients with essential hypertension (HT) of Xinjiang Kazakans and Han nationalities, and explore its association with insulin resistance (IR), blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure and obesity. Methods Total 127 Kazakan cases and 131 Han cases were selected as the subjects. According to their blood pressure, they were divided into HT group of Kazakans, control group of Kazakans, HT group of Hans and control group of Hans. Blood pressure, height, weight, waist circum-ference (WC) and hip were measured. Plasma resistin, fasting insulin(FINS), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), tri-glyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C), apoprotein-A1( Apo-A1)and apoprotein-B(Apo-B) were determined. Body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio ( WHR), body fat percentage ( BF% )and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR) were calculated. Results Plasma resistin levels in the HT groups of Kazakans and Hans were significantly higher than those in their control groups ( P<0.01 ). There were no significant difference in the comparison of plasma resistin levels in HT groups or control groups between Kazakans and Hans ( P>0.05). Plasma resistin was posi-tively and significandy correlated with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), WC, BMI, WHR, BF%, FlaG, FINS, HOMA-IR, TG in HT groups of Kazakans and Hans ( HT group of Kazakans, r=0.492,0.296,0.281,0.648,0.263,0.515,0.742,0.759,0.797,0.595; HT group of Hans, r=0.417,0.275,0.391,0.483,0.278,0.318,0.453,0.560,0.641,0.310; P<0.05). After the influential factors such as age, blood glucose, blood lipids and obesity were adjusted, plasma resistin level in four groups were still positively and significantly corre-lated with FINS and HOMA-IR ( HT group of Kazakans, r=0.432,0.410 ; control group of Kazakans, r=0.327,0.305 ; HT group of Hans, r=0.426,0.425 ; control group of Hans, r=0.377,0.392 ; P<0.05), but not correlated with SBP or DBP( P>0.05 ). HOMA-IR, FPG and BMI were independent factors for plasma resistin level in HT group of Kazakans, while HOMA-IR, FlaG and BF% were inde-pendent factors for plasma resistin level in HT group of Hans. Conclusion Plasma resistin level was increased in patients with HT of Kaza-karts and Hans. Close correlations between resistin and obesity, blood glucose and IR were found, and there may be indirect correlation be-tween resistin and blood pressure.

Objective To investigate the impact of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep on the rat brain.Methods Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neurofilament (NF) were used as two neuronal cytoskeleton markers.The modified multiple platform method (MMPM) was used to deprived rats of sleep.The immunohistochemistry method and Western blot technique were used to detect the expression of MAP2 and NF,together with the electromicroscope study to show the neurodegeneration in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus.Results The expression of MAP2 and NF in cerebral cortex and hippocampal neurons decreased after 5-day sleep deprivation.Some uhrastructural changes were seen in those areas as well,such as displacement of the nucleus,slightly swollen mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum,dissolution or condensation of sheaths of some axons.Neurons in cortex with degenerated ultrastrutrue accounted for 1.2% ,3.6% and 5.8% in tank control group,sleep deprivation 5 d group and sleep deprivation 7 d group respectively.Conclusion REM sleep deprivation can induce neurodegeneration in rat brain,but these morphological changes are tiny enough to be considered as reversible.

Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptors, Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Silicosis ; blood ; classification ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; metabolism

China ; Dental Casting Technique ; Titanium

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes of XPD (751 Lys/Gln), XPC (PAT)and susceptibility to laryngeal carcinoma. To explore the effect between DNA repair genes of XPD (751 Lys/Gln), XPC (PAT) and carcinogenesis of LSCC(laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma). METHOD: A case-control study was conducted involving 233 LSCC patients and 102 healthy controls to investigate the association between polymorphisms of XPD(751 Lys/Gln), XPC (PAT) and LSCC. All blood samples of the Han people from the Guang Dong Zone was analysze with methods of PCR, PCR-RFLP, ASA and the technique of checking DNA sequencing with sequenator. We explored the association between polymorphisms and the clinical pathologic characteristic of LSCC. The data was compute with SPSS13.0. Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% CI for relevancy intensity were calculated using binary logistic regression analysis. REULT: There is no difference of the frequency of XPC-PAT and XPD (751 Lys/Gln) genotype between in LSCC and in healthy contradistinguish (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION There may be no association between the susceptibility to laryngeal carcinoma and the genotype of XPC-PAT and XPD (751 Lys/Gln).
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA Repair ; genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein ; genetics

Objective To summarize the epidemiological feature of plague cases oceuwed in China.Methods The epidemiological and clinical data from 1981 to 2006 year in China were analyzed with descriptive study method.Result Nine hundred and seveneteen human plague cases were diagnosed in 9 provinces(regions) from 1981 to 2006 years,105 cases died,the mortality rate being 11.45%,and they distributed in 69 counties (cities or banners).In Qinghai Province 108 cases were diagnosed,the mortality rate was 46.30%(50/108),the cases distributed in 17 counties(cities);137 cans in Guizhou,distributing in 2 counties(cities);517 cases in Yunnan,distributing in 26 counties(cities).Plague cases peaked separately in 1983,1990,1996 and 2000 years,they were 25,75,98 and 254 separately.The principal spreading ways were breathing flying particles,touching,skinning and eating marmot in Qinghai;750 cases were of bubonic plague,among whom 4 cases in Tibet died,the fatality rate was 0.53(4/750);121 cases were of pneumonic prague,among whom 65 cases died,was accounting for 53.72%(65/121);31 cases were of septieaemic plague,and 30 cases died(one cases was cured in Inner Mongolia),accounting for 96.77%(30/31).Others were brain plague,intestinal plague,tonsil plague and plague cellulites,which were cured.Conclusion From 1990,human plague epidemical scope and intensity is enlarging continuously compared with 1980-1990 and there is a trend of going up gradually in China.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of domestic exenatide injection versus imported exenatide injection in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control on monotherapy or combination therapy of metformin and insulin secretagogues. Methods A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled, and non-inferiority trial was carried out. A total of 240 subjects were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to add domestic exenatide injection (trial group) or imported exenatide injection (control group) on the background therapies. The primary endpoint of efficacy was HbA1C change from baseline to week 16. The secondary endpoints of efficacy were the proportion of HbA1C<7.0%, and the changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h plasma glucose after standard meal (2hPG), 7-point self monitoring of blood glucose (7P-SMBG), and body weight from baseline to week 16. Results Among subjects of per-protocol sets, adjusted mean HbA1C reduction was -1.07% in the trial group versus -1.06% in the control group after 16 weeks of treatment. The lower boundary of the two-sided 95% confidence intervals of the mean HbA1C reduction difference between the trial and control groups was -0.29%, which was more than -0.35%, suggesting that the predefined statistical criterion for non-inferiority was achieved. The proportions of subjects achieving HbA1C<7.0% at the end of the 16-week treatment were 56.19% and 54.08% in the trial and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). The changes in FPG, 2hPG, 7P-SMBG and body weight from baseline to week 16 were comparable between the two groups (all P>0.05). Moreover, the incidences of hypoglycemia and adverse events were similar between the two groups (both P>0.05). Conclusion In type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled by monotherapy or combination therapy of metformin and insulin secretagogues, the efficacy of cotreatment with domestic exenatide injection is not inferior to that of imported product ones, with a similar safety profile.