With the development of brain research, study of neural coding has attracted more attention. Neural coding by informatics entropy is a very important aspect in the research field. This paper presents an overview of typical entropy coding methods of neuronal spike train including binary string method, direct method, asymptotically unbiased estimator method, inter-spike interval and mutual information method. Related principles and application are reviwed.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of simple volar or dorsal plate fixation of intra-articular distal radius fracture.Methods This retrospective study included 42 patients with closed intra-articular distal radius fracture treated surgically using the dorsal or volar plate.Out of the 15 patients in dorsal plating group 5 were males and 10 females at age of (55 ± 7)years (range, 48-62 years), 13 were injured from falls and 2 traffic accidents, 10 were classified as AO type C3 and 5 AO type C2.Out of the 27 patients in volar plating group 8 were males and 19 females at age of (56 ± 6)years (range, 50-62 years), 24 were injured from falls and 3 traffic accidents, 17 were classified as AO type C3 and 10 AO type C2.Between-group differences were compared with respect to wrist range of motion, postoperative radiographic parameters, postoperative complications, disabilities of the ann, shoulder and hand (DASH) score and Gartland-Werley score.Results All the patients were followed up for 11-25 months.There were no significant differences in the wrist range of motion and radiographic parameters between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Volar plating group resulted in a significantly better Gartland-Werley score compared to dorsal plating group [1 vs 4 points, P ＜ 0.05], but no significant difference was noted in DASH score (P ＞ 0.05).Four patients (27％) in dorsal plating group developed tendon adhesions and tenolysis was in demand, but one patients (4％) in volar plating group was complicated by median nerve symptoms (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Although the DASH score of the two methods was similar, volar plating yields better results in Gartland-Werley score and complication incidence.Thus the volar plating is recommended for intra-articular distal radius fracture.

Objective To evaluate the double-balloon enteroscopy(DBE) for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) and evaluate the health economics under the guidance of DBE for surgical treatment of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.Methods A total of 114 patients,whose hemorrhage etiology could not be determined by conventional gastroscopy,enteroscopy and gastroenterography,underwent DBE.With pathological results as diagnostic criteria,the value of double-balloon enteroscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosis was studied.Results The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of DBE for OGIB were 85.86％,63.63％,81.57％,respectively.The positive likelihood ratio was 2.36 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.22.The total days of hospitalization,hospital costs,cost of hospital drugs were lower in the DBE group than in the control group(27.2 ± 11.8 days VS 16.4 ±5.3 days,35 690.2 ±3 466.5 Yuan VS 19 409.3 ± 9 253.2 Yuan,17 805.8 ± 2 145.5 Yuan VS 9 133.0 ± 4 664.9 Yuan) (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion DBE plays an important role in diagnosis of OGIB.It has significance in clinic,health economics,and social benefits.

Objective To construct the eukaryotic expression plasmid of pEGFPC1uPAR gene and explore the effect on the proliferation and invasion ability of Pam 212 cells. Methods The human uPAR cDNA was cloned by PCR, and inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFPC1. After identification of sequencing, the reconstructive plasmid was transformed transiently into Pam 212 cells, then the cell growth and the invasion ability were evaluated. Results The reconstructive plasmid of pEGFPC1uPAR was validated by sequencing. The reconstructive plasmid can promote the growth of Pam 212 cells and enhance the invasion ability. Conclusion The pEGFPC1uPAR plasmid was constructed successfully and uPAR was confirmed to promote the growth and the invasion ability of Pam 212 cells, which lay the foundation for further studies of uPAR in vivo.

Objective To investigate the expressions of CXC chemokine 10(CXCL10) in chronic non-atrophy gastritis(CNAG) , precancerous lesions(PL)and gastric cancer(GC) ,primitively understanding of CXCL10 expression levels in three gastric types ,ex-ploring their clinical significances .Methods The expressions of CXCL10 in 20 cases of CNAG ,60 cases of PL ,60 cases of GC tis-sues were examined with immunohistochemistry method ,the expression level of CXCL10 was analyzed by computer-assisted image analysis system ,and then analyzed statistically .Results CXCL10 expression were positive in parts of CNAG ,PL and GC the posi-tive rates were 10 .00% ,26 .67% ,71 .67% respectively) .Expression levels of CXCL10 in the GC tissue specimens were significant-ly higher than in CNAG and PL(P<0 .01) .Expression levels of CXCL10 in the PL and CNAG tissue specimens have no significant difference(P>0 .05) .Expression levels of CXCL10 in CAG with IM ,CAG with Dys had no significant difference(P>0 .05) ,and in CAG with Severe Dys and Light-Moderate Dys had no significant difference(P>0 .05) .The expression levels of CXCL10 were rele-vant to the differentiation degree of GC (P>0 .05) .Conclusion The expression levels of CXCL10 were gradually rose from CNAG , PL to GC ,and had significant correlation with each other in CNAG ,PL and GC ,indicating that CXCL10 have a key role in the pro-duce and development of GC .

Objective To explore major risk factors for postoperative biliary tract infection associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), and to evaluate endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) for intervening the infection.Methods A total of 512 patients who underwent ERC at the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from January 2010 to June 2016 were enrolled and divided into group A and B randomly.Group A underwent ENBD after ERC while group B without.The incidence rates of biliary tract infection in different causes and lesions were compared between the two groups.Results Among the 512 patients, there were 276 cases in group A and 236 cases in group B.The overall postoperative biliary infection rate was 4.30%(22/512).Patients in group A showed a smaller chance of developing postoperative biliary tract infection than that in group B [1.09%(3/276) VS 8.05%(19/236), χ2=15.00, P=0.000].Malignant biliary obstruction was the most common cause (13.46%, 14/104) and the most common site was hepatic portal (13.43%, 9/67).Conclusion ENBD can ensure smooth drainage of bile duct therefore effectively prevent biliary tract infection after ERC, especially for patients with malignant biliary obstruction and hepatic portal lesion.

Aim To investigate the effect of artesunate on the invasion of human colon cancer Lovo cells and the possible mechanisms. Methods After Lovo cells were treated with different doses of artesunate(20,80, 160 μmol·L - 1 ), the soft agar colony formation test was adopted to observe the anchorage-independent pro-liferation of Lovo cells. Transwell assay was used to determine the effect of artesunate on the invasion abili-ty of Lovo cells. And the protein expressions of HMGB1 and MMP-2 were investigated by western blot. Results Artesunate could significantly inhibit both proliferation and invasion ability of Lovo cells in a dose-dependent manner(P < 0. 01). The experimental group treated with artesunate significantly down-regula-ted the protein expressions of HMGB1 and MMP-2 compared with control group(P < 0. 05). Conclusion Artesunate could inhibit the invasion of human colon cancer Lovo cells by down-regulating HMGB1 and MMP-2 expressions.

Objective To explore the value of mast cell tryptase and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)in the differential diagnostic of sudden death due to hypersensitivity and coronary atherosclerotic heart dis-ease.Methods Totally 30 myocardial samples were collected from the autopsy cases in the Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University during 2010—2015. All samples were divided into three groups:death of craniocerebral injury group, sudden death of hypersensitivity group and sudden death of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease group, 10 cases in each group. Mast cell tryptase and BNP in myocardium were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western Blotting.Results Immunofluo-rescence staining showed that the positive staining mast cell tryptase appeared in myocardium of sudden death of hypersensitivity group and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease group. Among the three groups, the expression of mast cell tryptase showed significantly differences through pairwise comparison(P<0.05); The expression level of BNP in sudden death of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease group were significantly higher than the sudden death of hypersensitivity group and death of craniocerebral injury group(P<0.05). The difference of the expression level of BNP between the sudden death of hypersensitivity group and the death of craniocerebral injury group had no statistical significance(P>0.05).Conclusion The combined detection of the mast cell tryptase and BNP in myocardium is expected to provide help for the forensic differential diagnosis of sudden death due to hypersensitivity and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.

Objective To measure the thumb manipulative forces of Lin cervical rotation manipulation during cracking sounds,and provide quantitative basis for its inheritance,teaching and learning,promotion and basic research of the manipulation.Methods The thumb manipulative force of Lin cervical rotation manipulation and traditional cervical rotation manipulation during cracking sounds were tested and recorded with a multi-film pressure measurement system.Result There was statistically significant difference between the maximum thumb manipulative force of the hand used frequently and the hand used infrequently (P ＜ 0.05).The maximum thumb manipulative force of Lin cervical rotational manipulation is lower than the traditional cervical rotation manipulation (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Whether inIN traditional or Lin cervical rotation manipulation,the maximum thumb manipulative force of the hand used frequently is more than the hand used infrequently.Lin cervical rotation manipulation has better ergonomic characteristics of biological engineering,safer,more low energy consumption practices.

Objective To investigate the impairment and the effect factors of encoding of episodic memory in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods 112 cases cerebral infarction patients and 115 healthy elders as controls were tested for episodic memory encoding with episodic pictures accomplished in computer, and compare the differences of encoding of episodic memory between the two groups. Results The remember indexes ( REM )of encoding memory test in patient group was significantly lower than that in control group( (70.81 ± 6.08 )vs (84.67 ± 4.49), P ＜ 0.01 ). The REM in patients with different impaired areas was significantly different ( (65.88 ± 5.73 ), (68.92 ± 4.65 ), (73.39 ± 6.20), ( 73.53 ± 3.44), P ＜ 0. 01 ). The REM in frontal lobe infarction group was significantly lower than that in temporal lobe infarction group (P ＜ 0.05 ), and in temporal lobe infarction group was significantly lower than that in basal ganglia infarction group and corona radiate infarction group (P＜0.05, P＜0. 01). The REM in cortex infarction group was significantly lower than that in under cortex group ( ( 67.37 ± 5.40 ), ( 73.46 ± 4.99 ), P ＜ 0.01 ). The REM in small cerebral infarction group was significantly higher than that in large cerebral infarction group( (72.67 ±4.47 ), (67.56 ± 6.18 ), P＜0.01 ). The size of cerebral infarction diameter was related with the REM( r= -0.39, P＜0. 01 ). The REM among control group,infarction with atrophy group, and infarction without atrophy group were significantly different( (67.03 ± 6. 17 ),( 72.84 ± 5. 00 ), ( 84.67 ± 4.49 ), P ＜ 0. 01 ). The REM in infarction with atrophy group was significantly lower than that in infarction without atrophy group and control group( both P＜0.01 ) ,The REM in infarction without atrophy group was significantly lower than that in control group (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion The encoding of episodic memory was impaired in cerebral infarction patients. The infarction parts,size of infarction area and atrophy was related with the impairment of encoding of episodic memory.