Objective To explore baccalaureate nursing students' perception of caring, so as to provide evidence for promoting their caring behaviors. Methods Phenomenology was the chosen methodology, 11 baccalaureate nursing students were interviewed in depth. Results Themes of caring were formed into four categories: caring behavior was reciprocal; the motives of caring included fear, concern, responsibility and obligation; knowledge, technical competency and professional helping relationship constituted caring; the confusions of caring came from many factors in clinical practice. Conclusions Baccalaureate nursing students can understand the connotation of caring accurately. To encourage their caring behaviors,clinical supervisors and managers should take all kinds of measures to maintain their faith in caring.

Objective The aim of this study was to describe nursing student-patient relationship in Yunnan province,and study its influencing factors and practice effectiveness.Methods The multi-phase stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to investigate 483 internship nursing students in two first class hospitals in Yunnan province.Results Among 483 nursing students,379 (78.5％) students belonged to facilitative relationship,101 (20.9％) students belonged to authoritative relationship,and 3 (0.6％) students belonged to mechanistic relationship.Sociodemographic data and factors related to three type of relationship showed no statistical significance among three types of nursing students.But student's personal and professional growth,student's increased confidence and self-esteem demonstrated statistical significance among three types of nursing students.In student's personal and professional growth,students of authoritative relationship got the lowest score (3.96±0.78) compared with students of mechanistic relationship and facilitative relationship [(4.17±0.29),(4.17±0.54)],F=4.82,P ＜ 0.01.In student's increased confidence and self-esteem,no significant difference was seen.Conclusions Nursing students' perceptions of student-patient relationship are mostly facilitative.And students' personal and professional growth and confidence and self-esteem increased obviously through internship for students with facilitative student-patient relationship.

Objective To investigate the relationship between platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene Arg92His(4, 275; G→A), Ile198Thr(7, 593; T→C) and Val279Phe(9, 994; G→T) mutation and cerebral artery athero-sclerosis stenosis. Methods Six hundred forty-twopatients with cerebral infarction underwent cerebral digital subtrac-tion angiography (DSA).The patients were then divided into cerebral artery atherosclerosis stenosis (CAAS) group(n=477) and control group(n=81) accroding to the site and severity of their cerebral artery stenosis. Furthermore, the CAAS group were divided into intracranial artery stenosis(ICAS) subgroup(n=251), extracranial artery stenosis(ECAS) subgroup (n=115) and extracranial-intracerebral artery stenosis(ECAS) subgroup(n=111). The distributions of genotype and allele frequencies of Arg92His,Ile198Thr and Val279Phe mutation of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene were ex-amined and comparied in different groups. Results There were significant differences in the distributions of genotype and allele of Arg92His mutation between ICAS subgroup and control group(42.6% vs. 30.3%;23.3% vs. 16.4%, P <0.05). These associations were not detected in ECAS and IECAS subgroups. There was no significant association be-tween Ile198Thr and Val279Phe and stenosis at any site(P>0.05). The distributions of genotype and allele of Arg92His, Ile198Thr and Val279Phe mutation were no significantly difference between CAAS group and control group (P >0.05). Conclusions Arg92His mutation may be associated with intracranial artery atherosclerotic stenosis.

The curative efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) in the treatment of patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease caused by artery stenosis was explored. The clinical data of 111 patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease receiving PTAS in Guangdong Province General Hospital from Aug. 2007 to Nov. 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. In total 132 stents were implanted in the 111 patients. The mortality and rate of neural and non-neural complications were assessed perioperatively. Outcomes [including the frequency of transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, or death from vascular diseases) were assessed after operation. NIHSS rating was performed in all cases before and at first week, 6th month and 12th month after the operation. The PTAS success rate was 100%. The degree of stenosis was reduced after PTAS. The total complication rate during perioperative period was 15.3% (the rate of neural complications was 3.6%). Sixty-seven patients were followed up. Three patients (4.48%) developed cerebrovascular events within 1 month, containing one case of TIA, one case of ipsilateral mild stroke and one case of contralateral mild stroke. No severe stroke or death was observed. During a follow-up period of 12 months 7 patients had cerebrovascular events (10.44%), including 2 cases of ipsilateral TIA (2.99%), 2 cases of ipsilateral mild stroke and 2 cases of contralateral mild stroke (2.99%), one case of severe stroke (1.49%). In 13 patients receiving DSA re-examination one year after PTAS, 2 patients (15.38%) had in-stent restenosis. NIHSS scores were obviously decreased during a follow-up period as compared with those pre-operation (P<0.05). It was concluded that PTAS could significantly alleviate the neural function deficit of the patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease. The success rate of PTAS was high, and the rate of complications was lower and the clinical outcomes were satisfactory. PTAS is a safe and effective therapeutic method, though the long-term outcomes need further study.

Objective Toinvestigatetheriskfactorsforleukoaraiosis(LA)inpatientswithlarge arteryatherosclerosis(LAA).Methods Theclinicaldata(age,sex,hypertension,diabetes,smoking, serum lipid level,hyperhomocysteinemia,and numbers of stenosis or occluded cerebral arteries)of 312 patients with LAA classified by the modified stop stroke study trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (SSS-TOAST ) were analyzed retrospectively. The age-related white matter changes (age related white matter changes,ARWMC)scale was used to evaluate LA. All the 312 patients were divided into non-LA group(n=72)and LA group(n=240)according the T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR)sequence,and 3 groups according to the (age-related white matter changes,ARWMC)scores:mild LA,moderate LA,and severe LA groups. The patients with multiple risk factors were analyzed by the univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses. Results (1)Of the 312 patients with LA,227 were males (72. 8%). Their average age was 64 ± 11 years,and 240 of them (76. 9%)had LA. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR,2. 911,95%CI 1. 647-5.146,P=0. 000),hypertension (OR,2. 583,95%CI 1. 373-4.857,P<0. 01),diabetes (OR,1. 882, 95%CI 1. 058-3. 348,P <0. 05),the numbers of stenosis or occlusion arteries (OR,1. 851,95%CI 1.018-3. 367,P<0. 05),and lacunar infarction (LI)(OR,1.493,95%CI 1. 202-1. 853,P<0. 01)were the risk factors for LA. (2)The comparison of the clinical data in patients with different severity in the LA group found that there were significant differences in age,hypertension,diabetes,the numbers of stenosis or occlusionarteries,andLIamongthe3groups(allP<0.05).Conclusion Age,hypertension,diabetes, the numbers of stenosis or occlusion arteries,and LI are the independent risk factors for patients with LAA,and it is associated with the severity of LA.

Objective To explore whether the ability of intertemporal choice is impaired in schizophrenic patients and in their unaffected siblings.Methods Twenty-five schizophrenia patients,twenty-five unaffected siblings of patients and thirty healthy controls were recruited in the study."Delay-discounting" task and a battery of cognitive neuropsychological assessment were used to examine the intertemporal decision-making.Results (1) the value of k was ((0.005±0.009 in schizophrenia,0.011±0.014 in unaffected siblings and 0.024±0.029 in healthy controls,respectively.There was significant difference in k value among these three groups (F=9.487,P＜0.001).There were significant differences in k value between patients group and healthy controls,and between unaffected siblings and healthy controls (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings (P＜0.05).(2) Pearson correlation analysis not showed any relationship between neuropsychological test and the value of k.Conclusion The ability of intertemporal choices is impaired in schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings to a great degree.

The curative efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) in the treatment of patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease caused by artery stenosis was explored.The clinical data of 111 patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease receiving PTAS in Guangdong Province General Hospital from Aug.2007 to Nov.2009 were retrospectively analyzed.In total 132 stents were implanted in the 111 patients.The mortality and rate of neural and non-neural complications were assessed perioperatively.Outcomes [including the frequency of transient ischemic attack (TIA),stroke,or death from vascular diseases) were assessed after operation.NIHSS rating was performed in all cases before and at first week,6th month and 12th month after the operation.The PTAS success rate was 100％.The degree of stenosis was reduced after PTAS.The total complication rate during perioperative period was 15.3％ (the rate of neural complications was 3.6％).Sixty-seven patients were followed up.Three patients (4.48％) developed cerebrovascular events within 1 month,containing one case of TIA,one case of ipsilateral mild stroke and one case of contralateral mild stroke.No severe stroke or death was observed.During a follow-up period of 12 months 7 patients had cerebrovascular events (10.44％),including 2 cases of ipsilateral TIA (2.99％),2 cases of ipsilateral mild stroke and 2 cases of contralateral mild stroke (2.99％),one case of severe stroke (1.49％).In 13 patients receiving DSA re-examination one year after PTAS,2 patients (15.38％) had in-stent restenosis.NIHSS scores were obviously decreased during a follow-up period as compared with those pre-operation (P＜0.05).It was concluded that PTAS could significantly alleviate the neural function deficit of the patients with ischemia cerebrovascular disease.The success rate of PTAS was high,and the rate of complications was lower and the clinical outcomes were satisfactory.PTAS is a safe and effective therapeutic method,though the long-term outcomes need further study.