When a series of omics technologies such as genomics, epigenomics and proteomics are proposed, the concept of metabolomics occurs. Metabolomics is a top-down system biology approach, which analyzes endogenous metabolites by using high throughput, high resolution and high sensitivity based on metabolic analysis platform. By identifying characteristic biomarkers and analyzing the biomarkers of metabolic pathway, it will provide a new way for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Therefore, it is more and more widely used in bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary cystic fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer and other respiratory diseases. In this paper, the application of metabolome analysis in respiratory disease of recent years has been briefly reviewed.

Objective To observe the proliferation and phenotype-switching of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) induced by hypoxia and interfered by Ad-PKGIα. And to investigate the potential regulative role of PKGIα gene in the molecule mechanism of hypoxia pulmonary vessel remodeling (HPVR). Methods To establish the pure PASMC cultured by tissue-sticking methods. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to examine the PKGIα mRNA and protein expression after PASMC were transfected by Ad-PKG. The mRNA and protein expressive change of smooth muscle α actin(SM-α-actin) determined the degree of cell phenotype-switching. The changes of PASMC proliferation were determined by flow cytometry and ~3H-TdR incorporated way. Results Ad-PKGIα could transfect into PASMC and highly express. Hypoxia down-regulated the expression of SM-α-actin protein (44. 25±5.34 in normoxia, 32. 18±4. 19 in 12 h hypoxia condition, 21.90 ±2. 44 in 24 h hypoxia condition, P < 0. 05), that could be blocked by the transfeetion of Ad-PKGIα. Hypoxia could push PASMC mitosis and proliferating(~3H-TdR incorporated way: 7570 ± 371 in normoxia,12 020± 831 in 12 h hypoxia condition,14 924 ± 1491 in 24 h hypoxia condition, P <0. 05), that could be blocked by the transfection of Ad-PKGIα, too. Conclusions The results suggested that PKGIα signaling pathway might play an important role in the molecule mechanism of HPVR. And PKGIα gene might be a target point of gene therapy.

Objective To explore the effect of Shugan Lifei prescription on expression of Transforming Growth Factor-beta1(TGF-β1) and Smad3 in asthma rats under chronic stress condition. Method The 40 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group, model group, dexamethasone group and Shugan Lifei group. Asthma model was established by inhaling atomized ovalbumin (OVA) passively and experiencing chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). From the 15th day of modeling, the treatment groups were intervened with dexamethasone drugs and Shugan Lifei prescription. Lung pathomorphology was observed via HE staining. The expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in lung tissue were measured by immunohistochemical and RT-PCR. Results Compared with control group, the wall area and the smooth muscle area in the model group significantly increased. While compared with asthmatic model group,the wall area and the smooth muscle area in the dexamethasone group and Shugan Lifei group were significantly lower. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR showed that in comparison with control group , the expression of TGF-β1/Smad3 protein and mRNA in lung tissues in the model group significantly increased(P<0.05), while the TGF-β1/Smad3 protein and mRNA in lung tissues in the dexamethasone group and Shugan Lifei group were detected to be significantly lower than model group (P<0.05). Conclusion Shugan Lifei method could improve airway remodeling in asthma rats under chronic stress condition , and this result is possibly achieved by reducing TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression levels.

Objective To compare the growth curve, protein content, calcium ion content of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) cultured by enzyme digestion and tissue-sticking methods. To investigate whether PASMCs cultured by two ways could be offered to one series of signaling pathway studies. Methods The protein content was determined by upgraded-lowry, the calcium ion content by fluorescence indicator. The growth of PASMCs was observed by light microscope. Results There existed certain difference in protein content, growth curve between PASMCs cultured by the two methods, especially in calcium ion content (P

Objective To observe the changes of Akt1,Akt2,Akt3 mRNA expression level in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells(PASMC) induced by hypoxia and to investigate the value of Akt signaling pathway in vascular reconstruction during phyoxia pulmonary hypertension(HPH).Methods The pure PASMCs were established by tissue-sticking methods.Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were used to examine the Akt1,Akt2 and Akt3 mRNA expression after PASMCs were exposed to normoxia(21%O_2) or hypoxia(3%O_2) for 2,8,12 and 24 h respectively.Results The pure PASMCs were established.The mRNA of Akt1,Akt2,Akt3 could be detected in all groups.Exposed to hypoxia,the mRNA expression levels gradually increased,reached the peak at 8 h,then decreased,and at 24 h down to the level under normoxia.As compared with that exposed to normoxia,the mRNA expression levels of Akt1 at 2,8,12,24 h,Akt2 at 8 h,Akt3 at 8 h in PASMCs exposed to hypoxia showed significant difference(P

Objective: To investigate the expression changes of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1(BAG-1) and its regulatory effect on the glucocorticoid receptor(GR) activity in rat alveolar macrophages in conditions of cell inflammation and glucocorticoid therapy.Methods: The expression changes of BAG-1 were detected by Western blot after lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and Dexamethasone(Dex) treatment of rat alveolar macrophages(AMs),the interaction between BAG-1 and GR determined by immune coprecipitation experiment,and the transcriptional activation of GR measured by relative luciferase activity assay.Results:After LPS and Dex treatment,the expression of BAG-1L in total protein increased but that of BAG-1S remained changed,BAG-1L rather than BAG-1S was detected in nuclear protein and its expression increased gradually within 24 hours,the interaction between BAG-1L and GR was observed in nucleoli,and the transcriptional activation of GR decreased,with a negative correlation between BAG-1L expression and GR activity.Conclusion:LPS and Dex acting on rat alveolar macrophages,the expression of BAG-1L increases,which,coupled with GR,translocates into nucleoli and inhibits GR activity.This might be the important mechanism that underlies glucocorticoid resistance in inflammation.

AIM:To investigate the activation of nuclear factor ?B(NF-?B) induced by lipopolysaccharides(LPS) in rat alveolar macrophages(AMs) and its regulatory role in tumor necrosis factor(TNF-?) secretion.METHODS:The dynamic activity changes of NF-?B induced by LPS were determined with electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA).Antisense oligonucleotides of NF-?B subunit(p65) were transfected into AMs prior to LPS stimulation.The effect of antisense oligonucleotide transfection on expressions of p65 and TNF-? in supernatant were measured with Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),respectively.RESULTS:NF-?B activity increased markedly and reached its peak level at 4 h after LPS stimulation.After transfected with antisense oligonucleotides of NF-?B subunit(p65),expression of p65 and TNF-? in supernatant decreased markedly.CONCLUSION:NF-?B activity has a positive effect on regulating secretion of TNF-? in AMs induced by LPS.

Objective:To summarize the patient profiles and therapeutic efficacies of ABO-incompatible living-related kidney transplantations at 19 domestic transplant centers and provide rationales for clinical application of ABOi-KT.Methods:Clinical cases of ABO-incompatible/compatible kidney transplantation (ABOi-KT/ABOc-KT) from December 2006 to December 2009 were collected. Then, statistical analyses were conducted from the aspects of tissue matching, perioperative managements, complications and survival rates of renal allograft or recipients.Results:Clinical data of 342 ABOi-KT and 779 ABOc-KT indicated that (1) no inter-group differences existed in age, body mass index (BMI), donor-recipient relationship or waiting time of pre-operative dialysis; (2) ABO blood type: blood type O recipients had the longest waiting list and transplantations from blood type A to blood type O accounted for the largest proportion; (3) HLA matching: no statistical significance existed in mismatch rate or positive rate of PRA I/II between two types of surgery; (4) CD20 should be properly used on the basis of different phrases; (5) hemorrhage was a common complication during an early postoperative period and microthrombosis appeared later; (6) no difference existed in postoperative incidence of complications or survival rate of renal allograft and recipients at 1/3/5/10 years between ABOi-KT and ABOc-KT. The acute rejection rate and serum creatinine levels of ABOi-KT recipients were comparable to those of ABOc-KT recipients within 1 year.Conclusions:ABOi-KT is both safe and effective so that it may be applied at all transplant centers as needed.