The arm span is the sum of the length of the arm and the width of the chest.It is highly correlated with height and can be used as an accurate and reliable alternative measure to estimate height.The arm span/height ratio reflects the relationship between long bones and the trunk and can be used to evaluate the body proportion.A correct understanding of the development patterns and characteristics of arm span can help pediatricians to find the deviation of body proportion in time, which is of great significance to the etiological analysis of short stature.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common cause of liver disease in China, and with the continuous progress in the research on antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B, the indications for antiviral therapy are constantly expanding. However, there are still controversies over the indications for antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), especially those with negative HBV. By analyzing the limitations of HBV DNA detection, the risk of HBV reactivation in HBV-negative CHB patients, the risk of disease progression in the DNA-negative population with compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, antiviral response, and the economic benefits of antiviral therapy, this article proposes the necessity of antiviral therapy for HBV-negative HBsAg-positive patients with compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Yantai City, Shandong Province, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation and adjustment of brucellosis prevention and control strategy.Methods:The epidemic data, demographic data and case data of human brucellosis in Yantai City in 2019 were collected from the National Health Insurance Disease Control Information System and the epidemiological case survey of brucellosis in Shandong Province. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the three distribution characteristics, clinical characteristics and infection routes of brucellosis.Results:In 2019, 158 cases of brucellosis were reported in Yantai City, with an incidence rate of 2.22/100 000 and no deaths. The incidence peak was from April to June, accounting for 43.67% (69/158). In addition to Changdao County, 12 other cities and districts had reported brucellosis cases, and Laizhou City had the largest number of reported cases, accounting for 39.87% (63/158). The ratio of men to women was 2.1 ∶ 1.0 (107 ∶ 51). The age of onset was mainly 40 - 69 years (75.95%, 120/158). Farmer was the main occupation, accounting for 83.54% (132/158). The main clinical manifestations were fever (114 cases), muscle and joint pain (107 cases), fatigue (95 cases), hyperhidrosis (85 cases). Patients had a clear history of livestock contact accounted for 58.86% (93/158). The main contact ways were breeding (68 cases) and slaughter (26 cases). Protective measures were taken in 18.28% (17/93) of the patients, and wearing gloves was the most common protective measure, accounting for 76.47% (13/17). The rate of hand washing after contact was 91.40% (85/93), of which 37.65% (32/85) were washed only with water and 62.35% (53/85) were washed with soap. The percentage of changing laundry after contact was 82.80% (77/93).Conclusions:The awareness and ability of personal protection of brucellosis key population in Yantai City are low. Improving the effectiveness of health education and behavior intervention is an important measure for prevention and control of the disease in the future.

Objective:To investigate and analyze a human brucellosis (hereinafter referred to as brucellosis) in Fushan District, Yantai City of Shandong Province, and to provide scientific basis for study the main risk factors and doing a good job in brucellosis prevention and control.Methods:Collect the epidemic data of one human brucellosis in Fushan District, Yantai City in 2017. The information comes from the infectious disease report information management system, the epidemiological case questionnaire of brucellosis in Shandong Province, and the medical records of medical institutions. The epidemic situation, cases and epidemiological investigation results were analyzed retrospectively.Results:Serological tests were carried out among 48 close contacts of the reported case and workers in the same village. Among the 3 positive cases, 2 cases had symptoms and positive bacterial culture results, which were diagnosed as confirmed cases. One patient was asymptomatic and negative bacterial culture, and was diagnosed as recessive infection. All of the three confirmed cases and one recessive infection involved in the epidemic had a history of close contact with infected animals, and without protective measures. The serological examination of 70 key people in the district was carried out and the results were all negative. A total of 166 sheep blood samples were collected, including 21 positive samples.Conclusions:The infectious source of this outbreak is the non-quarantine infected sheep. The main exposure factor is personal unprotected exposure to infected sheep. The key of prevention and control is to strengthen the monitoring and quarantine management of brucellosis among livestock, to improve the personal protection consciousness and ability of key population, and to improve the diagnosis ability of medical institutions in low epidemic areas.

Objective:To analyze the effectiveness of antiviral therapy on adolescents and adults with infectious mononucleosis (IM).Methods:The clinical data of patients aged≥16 years old with IM who were hospitalized in Peking University First Hospital from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2018 were analyzed retrospectively, and the patients were divided into antiviral treatment group and non-antiviral treatment group. The duration of hospitalization day, fever duration, ratio of lymphocytes and duration for normalization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) markers were compared between the two groups through single factor and propensity score matching analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted by independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method. Results:A total of 274 cases were enrolled and 176 cases (64.23%) were divided into antiviral treatment group and 98 cases (35.77%) into non-antiviral treatment group. The proportion of male (56.25%(99/176) vs 56.12%(55/98)), age (21.0(18.0, 26.0) years old vs 21.0(18.0, 27.0) years old), the ratio of fever (98.30%(173/176) vs 93.88%(92/98)), sore throat (90.34%(159/176) vs 88.78%(87/98)), lymphocyte ratio (0.648(0.568, 0.707) vs 0.663(0.581, 0.711)), atypical lymphocyte ratio (0.150(0.100, 0.235) vs 0.135(0.060, 0.250)) and serum EBV DNA level (2.71(2.70, 3.47) lg copies/mL vs 2.70(2.70, 3.28) lg copies/mL) were comparable between two groups at admission, and the differences were all not statistically significant(all P>0.05). The durations of hospitalization and fever in antiviral treatment group were 14.0(10.0, 18.0) d and (14.91±7.24) d, respectively, which were both significantly longer than those in non-antiviral treatment group (11.0(7.0, 15.0) d and (9.95±5.67) d, respectively). The differences were both statistically significant ( Z=-3.294 and t=-5.035, respectively, both P<0.01). Twenty-six patients each in the antiviral treatment group and non-antiviral treatment group were included in the propensity score matching assessment. The fever days of the two groups were 15.0(10.0, 18.0) d and 7.5(5.0, 12.5) d, respectively, and the hospitalization days were (15.4±5.5) d and (12.0±5.7) d, respectively. The differences were both statistically significant ( Z=-3.781 and t=-2.187, respectively, both P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the time required for the ratio of lymphocytes returning to normal, the time required for the ratio of atypical lymphocytes decreasing to <0.100, and the time required for serum EBV DNA becoming negative(all P>0.05). Conclusion:The antiviral treatment could not improve the prognosis of adolescent and adult IM patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the main clinical influencing factors for the rate of active immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in adult hepatitis B recipients after liver transplantation. MethodsAnalysis was performed for the clinical follow-up data of 15 hepatitis B recipients after liver transplantation who received hepatitis B vaccine in Peking University International Hospital from May 2019 to November 2020, and all patients received liver transplantation at least 3 years before and had a CD4 level of 300-800 cells/u before vaccination. Each dose of vaccination was 40 μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with a total of 4 injections at 0, 1, 6, and 8 months. Anti-HBs ≥100 mIU/L after four injections which lasted for 12 weeks without attenuation was considered successful response. Pearson correlation analysis and Kendall correlation analysis were used to investigate the correlation between CD4 level before vaccination and vaccine response rate; a linear regression analysis was used to investigate whether CD4 level before vaccination could predict the titer of anti-HBs after active vaccine immunization; a logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether CD4 level before vaccination could predict vaccine response. ResultsOf all patients at week 12 of monitoring, 6 patients had response, among whom 1 had an anti-HBs level of ＞1000 mIU/L and 5 had an anti-HBs level of ≥100 mIU/L, and the antibody titer did not attenuate till week 16; the response rate of hepatitis B vaccine was 40%. The 6 patients with response had a mean CD4 level of ≥592 cells/u before vaccination, while the 9 patients without response had a mean CD4 level of ≤500 cells/u before vaccination. CD4 level before vaccination was strongly correlated with the response rate of hepatitis B vaccine (Pearson correlation analysis: r=0.767, P=0.001; Kendall correlation: r=0.717, P=0.001). ConclusionCD4 level before vaccination is a key clinical factor affecting the response rate of hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation.

Objective:To study the effects and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on apoptosis and growth factor of skeletal muscle in rats with type 2 diabetes.Methods:A total of 24 GK rats with blood sugar >16.7 mmol/L, selected from 32 GK rats after 1 week feeding, were divided into model group ( n=8), metformin group ( n=8), and HBO group ( n=8), according to random number table method. The left 8 rats with blood sugar ≤ 16.7 mmol/L were included into control group. The rats in the control group and the model group were irrigated with pure water 5 ml·kg -1·d -1. The rats in the HBO group were given HBO every day on the basis of the treatment of the control group and the model group. After 3 weeks, the rats were executed. The tail blood was collected to measure fasting blood glucose. The right gastrocnemius muscle tissues were collected and made into paraffin sections for HE staining. The morphological and structural changes of gastrocnemius muscle in each group were observed under a light microscope. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), cytokine, and Caspase-3; and the integrated optical density (IOD) was measured and calculated for comparison. TUNEL method was used to detect gastrocnemius cell apoptosis, and the apoptosis index was calculated. Results:After the rats were executed at 21 d, the 12 h fasting blood glucose of the rats in the model group, the metformin group, and the HBO group were all significantly higher than that of the control group [(7.26±0.78, 6.90±0.74, 6.92±0.95 vs. 4.74±0.53) mmol/L, P<0.05 in each comparison]. The expression of skeletal muscle bFGF in the rats of the control group was the highest, while that of the model group was the lowest. The expressions of skeletal muscle bFGF in the rats of the metformin group and the HBO group were obviously higher than that of the model group, but lower than that of the control group, with statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). The expressions of skeletal muscle VEGF in the rats of the metformin group and the HBO group were obviously higher than those of the model group and the control group, with statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). The expression of skeletal muscle eNOS in the rats of the control group was the highest, while those of the model group, the HBO group, and the metformin group were low. There were no statistical differences among the four groups ( P>0.05). The expressions of skeletal muscle Caspase-3 and the gastrocnemius cell apoptosis indexes of the metformin group and the HBO group were significantly lower than those of the model group, but higher than those of the control group, with statistical difference ( P<0.05) in all comparison. Conclusion:HBO can improve the skeletal muscle structure of the rats with diabetes, improve the expressions of bFGF and VEGF, decrease the expression of Caspase-3, and reduce cell apoptosis; it, therefore, has a certain protective effect on the skeletal muscle in rats with diabetes.

Objective:To study the effects and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on apoptosis and growth factor of skeletal muscle in rats with type 2 diabetes.Methods:A total of 24 GK rats with blood sugar >16.7 mmol/L, selected from 32 GK rats after 1 week feeding, were divided into model group ( n=8), metformin group ( n=8), and HBO group ( n=8), according to random number table method. The left 8 rats with blood sugar ≤ 16.7 mmol/L were included into control group. The rats in the control group and the model group were irrigated with pure water 5 ml·kg -1·d -1. The rats in the HBO group were given HBO every day on the basis of the treatment of the control group and the model group. After 3 weeks, the rats were executed. The tail blood was collected to measure fasting blood glucose. The right gastrocnemius muscle tissues were collected and made into paraffin sections for HE staining. The morphological and structural changes of gastrocnemius muscle in each group were observed under a light microscope. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), cytokine, and Caspase-3; and the integrated optical density (IOD) was measured and calculated for comparison. TUNEL method was used to detect gastrocnemius cell apoptosis, and the apoptosis index was calculated. Results:After the rats were executed at 21 d, the 12 h fasting blood glucose of the rats in the model group, the metformin group, and the HBO group were all significantly higher than that of the control group [(7.26±0.78, 6.90±0.74, 6.92±0.95 vs. 4.74±0.53) mmol/L, P<0.05 in each comparison]. The expression of skeletal muscle bFGF in the rats of the control group was the highest, while that of the model group was the lowest. The expressions of skeletal muscle bFGF in the rats of the metformin group and the HBO group were obviously higher than that of the model group, but lower than that of the control group, with statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). The expressions of skeletal muscle VEGF in the rats of the metformin group and the HBO group were obviously higher than those of the model group and the control group, with statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). The expression of skeletal muscle eNOS in the rats of the control group was the highest, while those of the model group, the HBO group, and the metformin group were low. There were no statistical differences among the four groups ( P>0.05). The expressions of skeletal muscle Caspase-3 and the gastrocnemius cell apoptosis indexes of the metformin group and the HBO group were significantly lower than those of the model group, but higher than those of the control group, with statistical difference ( P<0.05) in all comparison. Conclusion:HBO can improve the skeletal muscle structure of the rats with diabetes, improve the expressions of bFGF and VEGF, decrease the expression of Caspase-3, and reduce cell apoptosis; it, therefore, has a certain protective effect on the skeletal muscle in rats with diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (OBV/PTV/r) 25/150/100 mg once daily and dasabuvir (DSV) 250 mg twice daily combined with ribavirin in adult patients of Mainland China with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis. Methods: An open-label, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial study was conducted in mainland China, Taiwan, and South Korea. Adult patients with compensated cirrhosis (Metavir score =F4) who were newly diagnosed and treated for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir combined with ribavirin for 12 weeks were included. Assessed SVR rate of patients obtained at 12 and 24 weeks after drug withdrawal. Efficacy and safety were evaluated in patients who received at least one time study drugs. Results: A total of 63 patients from mainland China were enrolled, 62 of whom (98.4%) had a baseline Child-Pugh score of 5 points. The overall rate of SVR12 and SVR24 in patients was 100% (95% CI: 94.3% to 100.0%). Most of the adverse events that occurred were mild. The incidence of common (≥10%) adverse events and laboratory abnormalities included elevated total bilirubin (36.5%), weakness (19.0%), elevated unconjugated bilirubin (19.0%) and conjugated bilirubin (17.5%), and anemia (14.3%). Three cases (4.8%) of patients experienced Grade ≥ 3 adverse events that were considered by the investigators to be unrelated to the study drug. None patients had adverse events leading to premature drug withdrawal. Conclusion Mainland Chinese patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis who were treated with OBV/PTV/r plus DSV combined with RBV for 12 weeks achieved 100 % SVR at 12 and 24 weeks after drug withdrawal. Tolerability and safety were good, and majority of adverse events were mild.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a common and refractory central nervous system infection,with high rates of mortality and disability.The experts of the Society of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association have reached this consensus after a thorough discussion.Based on the current situation of cryptococcal meningitis in China,the management of cryptococcal meningitis includes 6 aspects:introduction,microorganism identification,clinical manifestations and diagnosis,principles of antifungal therapy,treatment of refractory and recurrent meningitis,treatment of intracranial hypertension.There is not a separate consensus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.This article focuses on different antifungal regimens and reducing intracranial pressure by reference to Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines.The importance of early diagnosis,combined long-term antifungal therapy,control of intracranial hypertension are emphasized.