Objeotiver To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of primary testicular tumors in children. Methods Thirty twe patients who underwent treatment of primary testicular tumors in children between 5 months and 12 years from 1993 to 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Frozen section pathological examination during in operation was done in all the patients. Depending on it, testicle sparing surgery or radical orchidectomy was performed accordingly. Twenty patients with malignant testicular tumors under went chemotherapy after surgery. Results There was no contradiction between the findings of paraftin section pathological examination and frozen section. The average follow up period in 24 patients was 73 months (ranged from 5 months to 7 years). Four patients with yolk sac tumor died of distant metastasis of the tumor in 1 year after surgery. Others were alive without tumor for 4 months to 7 years. Conclusious Ultrasonography was valuable for the diagnosis of the primary testicular tumor. Surgery should be the treatment of first choice. It was important to send for frozen section pathology during operation. According to frozen section findings, it could be decided whether the testis could be spared, which is of importance in regard to aesthetics, psychology and function for children with benign testicular tumors. Postoperative chemotherapy was beneficial in raising surrival rate in children with malignant tumors in whom the prognosis was poor

In this article, we summarize the main policy on encouraging nongovernmental investors to establish medical institutions in Wenzhou , Zhejiang Province.Based on the survey of private medical institutions in Wenzhou , we find that there are still many issues that should be resolved in terms of nongovernmental investors establishing pri -vate hospitals , such as the difficulty in implementing construction projects , spending too long time applying for the medical insurance unit , the complicated application procedures of incentive funds , the unequal status with public health hospitals in financing and the development of human resource for health , and the low-level administration and social reputation.Therefore , for promoting the sustainable development of private health hospitals , it is of great im-portance to have a breakthrough in the implementation of the policy ,such as supporting policies reform , financing and talent support , strengthening supervision , and so on.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of action of active components of Nostoc commune in anti-triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC) by the network pharmacology method and molecular biology experiment. METHODS The active components of Nostoc commune were collected by consulting the literature and combined with the preliminary research in the laboratory, the Swiss Target Prediction database was used for target prediction, and the disease targets were obtained in the TTD, Genecards and OMIM databases. The STRING online platform was used for protein-protein interaction, and the KEGG signaling pathway and GO gene function enrichment analysis were performed using the Metascape database. Molecular docking of N-acetyltryptamine, a component of Nostoc commune, and target AKT1 by AutoDock software. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method was performed to analyze the apoptotic rate of cells. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mechanism of action of the active components of Nostoc commune on anti-TNBC. RESULTS The results of network pharmacology showed that there were 8 effective components, such as N-acetyltryptamine, Scytonemin and Nostocionone, involved 75 key targets such as signal transduction and AKT1, STAT3 and CCND1. The KEGG signaling pathway and GO gene function enrichment analysis results involved cancer-related signaling pathways, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking showed that N-acetyltryptamine had better affinity with AKT1. N-acetyltryptamine could not significantly promote apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Western blotting showed that N-acetyltryptamine could down-regulate the protein expressions of AKT1. The results of RT-qPCR showed that N-acetyltryptamine could effectively reduce the mRNA expression of AKT1 in cells. CONCLUSION N-acetyltryptamine may inhibit the proliferation of TNBC cells by inhibiting the AKT1 signaling pathway, thereby exerting anti-TNBC effects.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of gentiopicroside （GPS） in preventing acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride （CCl₄） in mice and its effect on the Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway. Method:Sixty mice were randomly divided into a normal control group， a model group， a silymarin group （150 mg·kg^-1）， and high- （200 mg·kg^-1）， medium- （100 mg·kg^-1）， and low-dose （50 mg·kg^-1） GPS groups， with 10 in each group. The mice in the groups with drug intervention were administered correspondingly by gavage at 10 mL·kg^-1， and those in the normal control group and the model group receive an equal volume of distilled water， once per day. Ten days after administration， mice in the normal control group were subjected to the intraperitoneal injection of peanut oil （10 mL·kg^-1） and those in other groups were injected with peanut oil （10 mL·kg^-1） containing 0.12% CCl₄ for the induction of acute liver injury model. After fasting for 16 hours， blood was collected from eyeballs and liver tissues were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver tissues. The content or activities of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， total bilirubin （TBIL）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD）， and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase （γ-GT） in the serum， malondialdehyde （MDA） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in liver tissues were determined by biochemistry techniques. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in liver tissues were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of TLR4， MyD88， and NF-κB in liver tissues. The expression of phosphorylated NF-κB （p-NF-κB） was detected by immunohistochemistry. Result:Compared with the normal control group， the model group showed increased levels of ALT， AST， ALP， TBIL， γ-GT， and MDA （P<0.01）， and blunted activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the high- and medium-dose GPS groups exhibited declining levels of ALT， AST， ALP， TBIL， γ-GT， and MDA （P<0.05， P<0.01） and potentiated T-SOD and GSH-Px activities （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the normal control group， the model group displayed elevated levels of TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-6 in liver tissues （P<0.01） and increased protein expression of TLR4， MyD88， and p-NF-κB （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the high- and medium-dose GPS groups showed decreased TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-6 content in liver tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01） and dwindled TLR4， MyD88， and p-NF-κB protein expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Conclusion:GPS possesses a protective effect on mice with acute liver injury induced by CCl₄， and its mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibition of oxidative stress.

Objective: To investigate the effects of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β)/eukaryotic extension factor kinase 2 (eEF2K) signaling pathway on the process of pulmonary fibrosis through in vivo experiments, and find new ideas for clinical treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: The pulmonary fibrosis model of C57BL/6 male mice was induced by bleomycin with intratracheal injection at the dose of 2 mg/kg. After 14 days of modeling, animals were divided into model group, negative inhibition group and inhibition group (n=5 for each group), and control group was not processed. The inhibition group was treated with TDZD-8 (4 mg/kg) after modeling, the negative inhibition group was given DMSO solution after modeling, and the samples were collected after 28 days. Hematoxylin-eosin staining method was used to detect lung fibrosis in mice and scored according to Ashcroft scale. Expression levels of GSK3β, p-GSK3β, eEF2K, p-eEF2K (Ser70, Ser392, Ser470), precursor protein of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (pro-MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), collagen I (Col I), collagen Ⅲ (Col Ⅲ) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with control group, the fibrosis score was up-regulated, the expression levels of GSK3β, p-GSK3β, p-eEF2K (Ser70, Ser392, Ser470), pro-MMP-2, MMP-2, Col I, Col Ⅲ and α-SMA were increased, while that of eEF2K was decreased in model group (P＜0.05). Compared with model group, the fibrosis score, expression levels of GSK3β, p-GSK3β, p-eEF2K (Ser70, Ser392, Ser470), pro-MMP-2, MMP-2, Col I, Col Ⅲ and α-SMA were decreased, but the expression level of eEF2K was increased in inhibition group (P＜0.05). Conclusion: GSK3β can activate eEF2K by phosphorylation at the sites of Ser70, Ser392 and Ser470, increase the contents of fibrosis indicators, promote the formation of pulmonary fibrosis, and aggravate lung tissue lesions.
Animals ; Collagen ; Collagen Type I ; Elongation Factor 2 Kinase/metabolism* ; Eukaryota/metabolism* ; Fibrosis ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced* ; Signal Transduction

Aim To investigate whether DCP has pro- teetive effeet on 2 ,4-dimethylnitrosamine ( DMN) -induced liver fibrosis rat model and its effect on MAPK signaling pathway.Methods Hats were intraperitoneal ly injected with DMN to establish HF model,and then were randomly divided into five groups, namely model group, colchicine group, DCP low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups,and control group.The rats were given DMN continuously for six weeks.Serum was col-lected afterwards to detect biochemical indexes of liver function.HE and Masson staining and immunohisto- chemical experiments were performed on liver tissues.RT-PCR was applied to detect the expression of inflammatory factors.Western blot was used to detect the ex pression of proteins related to MAPK pathway,the preventive effect of DCP on HF was observed, and its in-tervention effect on MAPK pathway was explored.Results The liver function of rats in model group was severely impaired, with obvious hepatocyte damage, inflammatory cell infiltration and increased interstitial fibrosis , suggesting that the preparation of HF model was successful.Conclusions DCP can interfere with MAPK signaling pathway to inhibit the inflammatory response and alleviate the progression of HF in rats.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect of natural phenolic compound p-hydroxybenzoic acid(HA) on adjuvant arthritis(AA) induced by the complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA), and to clarify the mechanism of HA preliminary. METHODS Apart from the normal group, all rats received 0.1 mL CFA by plantar subcutaneous injection to induce AA rats model. And rats with AA were randomized to the model group, the low-, medium-, and high-dose HA group(2.5, 5, and 10 mg·kg-1, respectively), the positive control group(indomethacine, 5 mg·kg-1). The rats in each group were orally treated with the corresponding drugs for therapeutic intervention. The volume and leg thickness of the rats in each group were recorded and an inflated articular score was obtained. Inflammation cytokine expression(TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) was determined by ELISA and qPCR. Radiographs and HE staining were used to observe histopathological and pathological changes in the foot. The expressions of caspase-1 and NF-κB were examined in Western blotting. RESULTS HA could significantly alleviate joint swelling in AA rat(P<0.05), inhibited the production of inflammatory factors(TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) from protein and mRNA levels(P<0.05), and decreased the expression levels of caspase-1 and NF-κB at protein level(P<0.05). HA alleviated ankle injury in rats by X-ray examination, and HE staining showed that HA could significantly inhibit the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the destruction of cartilage surface(P<0.05), and these results were dose-dependent. CONCLUSION HA may relieve rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the NF-κB/casepase-1 signaling pathway.

AIM　To study the positive inotropic effect of methyl polyglycoside (Mpg) on isolated guinea pig atria and its mechanism. METHODS　The effects of Mpg on contractility, beat rate of right atria, post-rest contraction and positive staircase phenomenon were observed in isolated guinea pig left and right atria. Na+-K+-ATPase activity of rat myocardial cell membrane was measured. RESULTS　Mpg (0.01～3 mmol*L-1) produced a concentration-dependent increase in myocardial contractility of atria and decrease in beat rate of right atria. Mpg markedly enhanced the post-rest contraction and the positive staircase phenomenon induced by increasing stimulation frequency in left atria, and inhibited Na+-K+-ATPase activity of rat myocardial cell membrane. CONCLUSION　The results suggest that Mpg can strengthen myocardial contractility of atria and decrease beat rate of right atria. Its positive inotropic effect may be related to inhibiting Na+-K+-ATPase activity of myocardial cell membrane, increasing the transmembrane influx of calcium and the amount of calcium released from intracellular stores.

Objective To investigate the effect of standard remnant liver volume (SRLV) on liver insufficiency after hepatectomy in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Sixty-seven HCC patients with liver cirrhosis were involved in this study.The following parameters were obtained in all cases:total liver volume (TLV),resected liver volume by surgery,body surface area (BSA),remnant liver volume (RLV)and SRLV.Compared analysis of relationship between liver insufficient and the parameters as well as the age of patients,duration of operation and blood lose etc.was carried out,in order to establish the security threshold of SRLV.Results According to the postoperative liver function,the patients were divided into 2 groups:Group A,52cases with mild liver dysfunction; Group B,15cases among them 12 with moderate and 3 with severe liver insufficiency.Statistical analysis showed that the difference of TLV,duration of operation,intra-operative blood lose and age between Group A and B were insignificant(P＞0.05).However,that of RLV and SRLV were significant(P＜0.05).The average SRLV in Group A was 562±89 ml/m2 and 410±87 ml/m2 in Group B (P＜＜0.01).The security threshold of SRLV was 438 ml/m2 calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC)in our patients.Then randomly selected sixty HCC patients,the incidences of moderate and severe liver insufficiency postoperative in the SRLV≤438 ml/m2 and SRLV＞438 ml/m2 patients were 92.3％and8.5％ (P＜0.01).Conclusions It is suggested from our present study that SRLV is a good predictor for post-operative liver function reserve in patients with cirrhotic HCC.Its security threshold is 438 ml/m2,and the risk of occurring hepatic failure will be high postoperatively when patient,s SRLV is less than this value.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. METHODS: Chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography with silicagel, Sephadex LH - 20, and semi-preparative HPLC. RESULTS: Eleven compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Their structures were elucidated as hirsutrin (1), contigoside B (2), kaempferol (3), sterubin (4), syringic acid (5), vanillic acid (6), 2-hydroxy-5-ethoxybenzoic acid (7), 2-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (8), cis-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxybenzonic acid (10), and phydroxybenzaldehyde (11). CONCLUSION: All the compounds except 3 and 6 are obtained from Cyclocarya paliurus for the first time.